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Index

Utility classes and functions for neural networks

functional

ModuleExpectingFlatParameters

A wrapper which brings a functional interface around a torch module.

For obtaining the functional interface, this class internally uses the functorch library.

Similar to functorch.FunctionalModule, ModuleExpectingFlatParameters turns a torch.nn.Module instance to a function which expects a new leftmost argument representing the parameters of the network. Unlike functorch.FunctionalModule, a ModuleExpectingFlatParameters instance, as its name suggests, expects the network parameters to be given as a 1-dimensional (i.e. flattened) tensor. Also, unlike functorch.FunctionalModule, an instance of ModuleExpectingFlatParameters is NOT an instance of torch.nn.Module.

PyTorch modules with buffers can be wrapped by this class, but it is assumed that those buffers are constant. If the wrapped module changes the value(s) of its buffer(s) during its forward passes, most probably things will NOT work right.

As an example, let us consider the following linear layer.

import torch
from torch import nn

net = nn.Linear(3, 8)

The functional counterpart of net can be obtained via:

from evotorch.neuroevolution.net import ModuleExpectingFlatParameters

fnet = ModuleExpectingFlatParameters(net)

Now, fnet is a callable object which expects network parameters and network inputs. Let us call fnet with randomly generated network parameters and with a randomly generated input tensor.

param_length = fnet.parameter_length
random_parameters = torch.randn(param_length)
random_input = torch.randn(3)

result = fnet(random_parameters, random_input)
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/functional.py
class ModuleExpectingFlatParameters:
    """
    A wrapper which brings a functional interface around a torch module.

    For obtaining the functional interface, this class internally uses
    the `functorch` library.

    Similar to `functorch.FunctionalModule`, `ModuleExpectingFlatParameters`
    turns a `torch.nn.Module` instance to a function which expects a new
    leftmost argument representing the parameters of the network.
    Unlike `functorch.FunctionalModule`, a `ModuleExpectingFlatParameters`
    instance, as its name suggests, expects the network parameters to be
    given as a 1-dimensional (i.e. flattened) tensor.
    Also, unlike `functorch.FunctionalModule`, an instance of
    `ModuleExpectingFlatParameters` is NOT an instance of `torch.nn.Module`.

    PyTorch modules with buffers can be wrapped by this class, but it is
    assumed that those buffers are constant. If the wrapped module changes
    the value(s) of its buffer(s) during its forward passes, most probably
    things will NOT work right.

    As an example, let us consider the following linear layer.

    ```python
    import torch
    from torch import nn

    net = nn.Linear(3, 8)
    ```

    The functional counterpart of `net` can be obtained via:

    ```python
    from evotorch.neuroevolution.net import ModuleExpectingFlatParameters

    fnet = ModuleExpectingFlatParameters(net)
    ```

    Now, `fnet` is a callable object which expects network parameters
    and network inputs. Let us call `fnet` with randomly generated network
    parameters and with a randomly generated input tensor.

    ```python
    param_length = fnet.parameter_length
    random_parameters = torch.randn(param_length)
    random_input = torch.randn(3)

    result = fnet(random_parameters, random_input)
    ```
    """

    def __init__(self, module: nn.Module, disable_autograd_tracking: bool = False):
        # Declare the variables which will store information regarding the parameters of the module.
        self.__param_shapes = []
        self.__param_length = 0
        self.__param_slices = []
        self.__num_params = 0
        self.__buffers = []

        # Iterate over the parameters of the module and fill the related information.
        i = 0
        j = 0
        for p in module.parameters():
            shape = p.shape
            self.__param_shapes.append(shape)

            length = _shape_length(shape)
            self.__param_length += length

            j = i + length
            self.__param_slices.append(slice(i, j))
            i = j

            self.__num_params += 1

        self.__fmodel, _, self.__buffers = make_functional_with_buffers(
            module, disable_autograd_tracking=bool(disable_autograd_tracking)
        )

        self.__buffers = list(self.__buffers)

    def __transfer_buffers(self, x: torch.Tensor):
        """
        Transfer the buffer tensors to the device of the given tensor.

        Args:
            x: The tensor whose device will also store the buffer tensors.
        """
        n = len(self.__buffers)
        for i in range(n):
            self.__buffers[i] = torch.as_tensor(self.__buffers[i], device=x.device)

    @property
    def buffers(self) -> tuple:
        """Get the stored buffers"""
        return self.__buffers

    @property
    def parameter_length(self) -> int:
        return self.__param_length

    def __call__(self, parameter_vector: torch.Tensor, x: torch.Tensor, h: Any = None) -> Any:
        """
        Call the wrapped module's forward pass procedure.

        Args:
            parameter_vector: A 1-dimensional tensor which represents the
                parameters of the tensor.
            x: The inputs.
            h: Hidden state(s), in case this is a recurrent network.
        Returns:
            The result of the forward pass.
        """
        if parameter_vector.ndim != 1:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Expected the parameters as 1 dimensional,"
                f" but the received parameter vector has {parameter_vector.ndim} dimensions"
            )
        if len(parameter_vector) != self.__param_length:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Expected a parameter vector of length {self.__param_length},"
                f" but the received parameter vector's length is {len(parameter_vector)}."
            )
        state_args = [] if h is None else [h]

        params = []
        for i in range(self.__num_params):
            param_slice = self.__param_slices[i]
            param_shape = self.__param_shapes[i]
            param = parameter_vector[param_slice].reshape(param_shape)
            params.append(param)

        # Make sure that the tensors are in the same device with x
        self.__transfer_buffers(x)

        # Run the functional module and return the results
        return self.__fmodel(params, self.__buffers, x, *state_args)

buffers: tuple property readonly

Get the stored buffers

__call__(self, parameter_vector, x, h=None) special

Call the wrapped module's forward pass procedure.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
parameter_vector Tensor

A 1-dimensional tensor which represents the parameters of the tensor.

required
x Tensor

The inputs.

required
h Any

Hidden state(s), in case this is a recurrent network.

None

Returns:

Type Description
Any

The result of the forward pass.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/functional.py
def __call__(self, parameter_vector: torch.Tensor, x: torch.Tensor, h: Any = None) -> Any:
    """
    Call the wrapped module's forward pass procedure.

    Args:
        parameter_vector: A 1-dimensional tensor which represents the
            parameters of the tensor.
        x: The inputs.
        h: Hidden state(s), in case this is a recurrent network.
    Returns:
        The result of the forward pass.
    """
    if parameter_vector.ndim != 1:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Expected the parameters as 1 dimensional,"
            f" but the received parameter vector has {parameter_vector.ndim} dimensions"
        )
    if len(parameter_vector) != self.__param_length:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Expected a parameter vector of length {self.__param_length},"
            f" but the received parameter vector's length is {len(parameter_vector)}."
        )
    state_args = [] if h is None else [h]

    params = []
    for i in range(self.__num_params):
        param_slice = self.__param_slices[i]
        param_shape = self.__param_shapes[i]
        param = parameter_vector[param_slice].reshape(param_shape)
        params.append(param)

    # Make sure that the tensors are in the same device with x
    self.__transfer_buffers(x)

    # Run the functional module and return the results
    return self.__fmodel(params, self.__buffers, x, *state_args)

make_functional_module(net)

Wrap a torch module so that it has a functional interface.

For obtaining a functional interface, this function internally uses the functorch library.

Similar to functorch.make_functional(...), this function turns a torch.nn.Module instance to a function which expects a new leftmost argument representing the parameters of the network. Unlike with functorch.make_functional(...), the parameters of the network are expected in a 1-dimensional (i.e. flattened) tensor.

PyTorch modules with buffers can be wrapped by this class, but it is assumed that those buffers are constant. If the wrapped module changes the value(s) of its buffer(s) during its forward passes, most probably things will NOT work right.

As an example, let us consider the following linear layer.

import torch
from torch import nn

net = nn.Linear(3, 8)

The functional counterpart of net can be obtained via:

from evotorch.neuroevolution.net import make_functional_module

fnet = make_functional_module(net)

Now, fnet is a callable object which expects network parameters and network inputs. Let us call fnet with randomly generated network parameters and with a randomly generated input tensor.

param_length = fnet.parameter_length
random_parameters = torch.randn(param_length)
random_input = torch.randn(3)

result = fnet(random_parameters, random_input)

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
net Module

The torch.nn.Module instance to be wrapped by a functional interface.

required

Returns:

Type Description
ModuleExpectingFlatParameters

The functional wrapper, as an instance of evotorch.neuroevolution.net.ModuleExpectingFlatParameters.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/functional.py
def make_functional_module(net: nn.Module) -> ModuleExpectingFlatParameters:
    """
    Wrap a torch module so that it has a functional interface.

    For obtaining a functional interface, this function internally uses the
    `functorch` library.

    Similar to `functorch.make_functional(...)`, this function turns a
    `torch.nn.Module` instance to a function which expects a new leftmost
    argument representing the parameters of the network.
    Unlike with `functorch.make_functional(...)`, the parameters of the
    network are expected in a 1-dimensional (i.e. flattened) tensor.

    PyTorch modules with buffers can be wrapped by this class, but it is
    assumed that those buffers are constant. If the wrapped module changes
    the value(s) of its buffer(s) during its forward passes, most probably
    things will NOT work right.

    As an example, let us consider the following linear layer.

    ```python
    import torch
    from torch import nn

    net = nn.Linear(3, 8)
    ```

    The functional counterpart of `net` can be obtained via:

    ```python
    from evotorch.neuroevolution.net import make_functional_module

    fnet = make_functional_module(net)
    ```

    Now, `fnet` is a callable object which expects network parameters
    and network inputs. Let us call `fnet` with randomly generated network
    parameters and with a randomly generated input tensor.

    ```python
    param_length = fnet.parameter_length
    random_parameters = torch.randn(param_length)
    random_input = torch.randn(3)

    result = fnet(random_parameters, random_input)
    ```

    Args:
        net: The `torch.nn.Module` instance to be wrapped by a functional
            interface.
    Returns:
        The functional wrapper, as an instance of
        `evotorch.neuroevolution.net.ModuleExpectingFlatParameters`.
    """
    return ModuleExpectingFlatParameters(net)

layers

Various neural network layer types

Apply (Module)

A torch module for applying an arithmetic operator on an input tensor

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class Apply(nn.Module):
    """A torch module for applying an arithmetic operator on an input tensor"""

    def __init__(self, operator: str, argument: float):
        """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Apply module.

        Args:
            operator: Must be '+', '-', '*', '/', or '**'.
                Indicates which operation will be done
                on the input tensor.
            argument: Expected as a float, represents
                the right-argument of the operation
                (the left-argument being the input
                tensor).
        """
        nn.Module.__init__(self)

        self._operator = str(operator)
        assert self._operator in ("+", "-", "*", "/", "**")

        self._argument = float(argument)

    def forward(self, x):
        op = self._operator
        arg = self._argument
        if op == "+":
            return x + arg
        elif op == "-":
            return x - arg
        elif op == "*":
            return x * arg
        elif op == "/":
            return x / arg
        elif op == "**":
            return x**arg
        else:
            raise ValueError("Unknown operator:" + repr(op))

    def extra_repr(self):
        return "operator={}, argument={}".format(repr(self._operator), self._argument)

__init__(self, operator, argument) special

__init__(...): Initialize the Apply module.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
operator str

Must be '+', '-', '', '/', or '*'. Indicates which operation will be done on the input tensor.

required
argument float

Expected as a float, represents the right-argument of the operation (the left-argument being the input tensor).

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def __init__(self, operator: str, argument: float):
    """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Apply module.

    Args:
        operator: Must be '+', '-', '*', '/', or '**'.
            Indicates which operation will be done
            on the input tensor.
        argument: Expected as a float, represents
            the right-argument of the operation
            (the left-argument being the input
            tensor).
    """
    nn.Module.__init__(self)

    self._operator = str(operator)
    assert self._operator in ("+", "-", "*", "/", "**")

    self._argument = float(argument)

extra_repr(self)

Set the extra representation of the module

To print customized extra information, you should re-implement this method in your own modules. Both single-line and multi-line strings are acceptable.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def extra_repr(self):
    return "operator={}, argument={}".format(repr(self._operator), self._argument)

forward(self, x)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x):
    op = self._operator
    arg = self._argument
    if op == "+":
        return x + arg
    elif op == "-":
        return x - arg
    elif op == "*":
        return x * arg
    elif op == "/":
        return x / arg
    elif op == "**":
        return x**arg
    else:
        raise ValueError("Unknown operator:" + repr(op))

Bin (Module)

A small torch module for binning the values of tensors.

In more details, considering a lower bound value lb, an upper bound value ub, and an input tensor x, each value within x closer to lb will be converted to lb and each value within x closer to ub will be converted to ub.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class Bin(nn.Module):
    """A small torch module for binning the values of tensors.

    In more details, considering a lower bound value lb,
    an upper bound value ub, and an input tensor x,
    each value within x closer to lb will be converted to lb
    and each value within x closer to ub will be converted to ub.
    """

    def __init__(self, lb: float, ub: float):
        """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Clip operator.

        Args:
            lb: Lower bound
            ub: Upper bound
        """
        nn.Module.__init__(self)
        self._lb = float(lb)
        self._ub = float(ub)
        self._interval_size = self._ub - self._lb
        self._shrink_amount = self._interval_size / 2.0
        self._shift_amount = (self._ub + self._lb) / 2.0

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
        x = x - self._shift_amount
        x = x / self._shrink_amount
        x = torch.sign(x)
        x = x * self._shrink_amount
        x = x + self._shift_amount
        return x

    def extra_repr(self):
        return "lb={}, ub={}".format(self._lb, self._ub)

__init__(self, lb, ub) special

__init__(...): Initialize the Clip operator.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
lb float

Lower bound

required
ub float

Upper bound

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def __init__(self, lb: float, ub: float):
    """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Clip operator.

    Args:
        lb: Lower bound
        ub: Upper bound
    """
    nn.Module.__init__(self)
    self._lb = float(lb)
    self._ub = float(ub)
    self._interval_size = self._ub - self._lb
    self._shrink_amount = self._interval_size / 2.0
    self._shift_amount = (self._ub + self._lb) / 2.0

extra_repr(self)

Set the extra representation of the module

To print customized extra information, you should re-implement this method in your own modules. Both single-line and multi-line strings are acceptable.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def extra_repr(self):
    return "lb={}, ub={}".format(self._lb, self._ub)

forward(self, x)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
    x = x - self._shift_amount
    x = x / self._shrink_amount
    x = torch.sign(x)
    x = x * self._shrink_amount
    x = x + self._shift_amount
    return x

Clip (Module)

A small torch module for clipping the values of tensors

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class Clip(nn.Module):
    """A small torch module for clipping the values of tensors"""

    def __init__(self, lb: float, ub: float):
        """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Clip operator.

        Args:
            lb: Lower bound. Values less than this will be clipped.
            ub: Upper bound. Values greater than this will be clipped.
        """
        nn.Module.__init__(self)
        self._lb = float(lb)
        self._ub = float(ub)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
        return x.clamp(self._lb, self._ub)

    def extra_repr(self):
        return "lb={}, ub={}".format(self._lb, self._ub)

__init__(self, lb, ub) special

__init__(...): Initialize the Clip operator.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
lb float

Lower bound. Values less than this will be clipped.

required
ub float

Upper bound. Values greater than this will be clipped.

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def __init__(self, lb: float, ub: float):
    """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Clip operator.

    Args:
        lb: Lower bound. Values less than this will be clipped.
        ub: Upper bound. Values greater than this will be clipped.
    """
    nn.Module.__init__(self)
    self._lb = float(lb)
    self._ub = float(ub)

extra_repr(self)

Set the extra representation of the module

To print customized extra information, you should re-implement this method in your own modules. Both single-line and multi-line strings are acceptable.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def extra_repr(self):
    return "lb={}, ub={}".format(self._lb, self._ub)

forward(self, x)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
    return x.clamp(self._lb, self._ub)

FeedForwardNet (Module)

Representation of a feed forward neural network as a torch Module.

An example initialization of a FeedForwardNet is as follows:

net = drt.FeedForwardNet(4, [(8, 'tanh'), (6, 'tanh')])

which means that we would like to have a network which expects an input vector of length 4 and passes its input through 2 tanh-activated hidden layers (with neurons count 8 and 6, respectively). The output of the last hidden layer (of length 6) is the final output vector.

The string representation of the module obtained via the example above is:

FeedForwardNet(
  (layer_0): Linear(in_features=4, out_features=8, bias=True)
  (actfunc_0): Tanh()
  (layer_1): Linear(in_features=8, out_features=6, bias=True)
  (actfunc_1): Tanh()
)
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class FeedForwardNet(nn.Module):
    """
    Representation of a feed forward neural network as a torch Module.

    An example initialization of a FeedForwardNet is as follows:

        net = drt.FeedForwardNet(4, [(8, 'tanh'), (6, 'tanh')])

    which means that we would like to have a network which expects an input
    vector of length 4 and passes its input through 2 tanh-activated hidden
    layers (with neurons count 8 and 6, respectively).
    The output of the last hidden layer (of length 6) is the final
    output vector.

    The string representation of the module obtained via the example above
    is:

        FeedForwardNet(
          (layer_0): Linear(in_features=4, out_features=8, bias=True)
          (actfunc_0): Tanh()
          (layer_1): Linear(in_features=8, out_features=6, bias=True)
          (actfunc_1): Tanh()
        )
    """

    LengthActTuple = Tuple[int, Union[str, Callable]]
    LengthActBiasTuple = Tuple[int, Union[str, Callable], Union[bool]]

    def __init__(self, input_size: int, layers: List[Union[LengthActTuple, LengthActBiasTuple]]):
        """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the FeedForward network.

        Args:
            input_size: Input size of the network, expected as an int.
            layers: Expected as a list of tuples,
                where each tuple is either of the form
                `(layer_size, activation_function)`
                or of the form
                `(layer_size, activation_function, bias)`
                in which
                (i) `layer_size` is an int, specifying the number of neurons;
                (ii) `activation_function` is None, or a callable object,
                or a string containing the name of the activation function
                ('relu', 'selu', 'elu', 'tanh', 'hardtanh', or 'sigmoid');
                (iii) `bias` is a boolean, specifying whether the layer
                is to have a bias or not.
                When omitted, bias is set to True.
        """

        nn.Module.__init__(self)

        for i, layer in enumerate(layers):
            if len(layer) == 2:
                size, actfunc = layer
                bias = True
            elif len(layer) == 3:
                size, actfunc, bias = layer
            else:
                assert False, "A layer tuple of invalid size is encountered"

            setattr(self, "layer_" + str(i), nn.Linear(input_size, size, bias=bias))

            if isinstance(actfunc, str):
                if actfunc == "relu":
                    actfunc = nn.ReLU()
                elif actfunc == "selu":
                    actfunc = nn.SELU()
                elif actfunc == "elu":
                    actfunc = nn.ELU()
                elif actfunc == "tanh":
                    actfunc = nn.Tanh()
                elif actfunc == "hardtanh":
                    actfunc = nn.Hardtanh()
                elif actfunc == "sigmoid":
                    actfunc = nn.Sigmoid()
                elif actfunc == "round":
                    actfunc = Round()
                else:
                    raise ValueError("Unknown activation function: " + repr(actfunc))

            setattr(self, "actfunc_" + str(i), actfunc)

            input_size = size

    def forward(self, x):
        i = 0
        while hasattr(self, "layer_" + str(i)):
            x = getattr(self, "layer_" + str(i))(x)
            f = getattr(self, "actfunc_" + str(i))
            if f is not None:
                x = f(x)
            i += 1
        return x

__init__(self, input_size, layers) special

__init__(...): Initialize the FeedForward network.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
input_size int

Input size of the network, expected as an int.

required
layers List[Union[Tuple[int, Union[str, Callable]], Tuple[int, Union[str, Callable], bool]]]

Expected as a list of tuples, where each tuple is either of the form (layer_size, activation_function) or of the form (layer_size, activation_function, bias) in which (i) layer_size is an int, specifying the number of neurons; (ii) activation_function is None, or a callable object, or a string containing the name of the activation function ('relu', 'selu', 'elu', 'tanh', 'hardtanh', or 'sigmoid'); (iii) bias is a boolean, specifying whether the layer is to have a bias or not. When omitted, bias is set to True.

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def __init__(self, input_size: int, layers: List[Union[LengthActTuple, LengthActBiasTuple]]):
    """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the FeedForward network.

    Args:
        input_size: Input size of the network, expected as an int.
        layers: Expected as a list of tuples,
            where each tuple is either of the form
            `(layer_size, activation_function)`
            or of the form
            `(layer_size, activation_function, bias)`
            in which
            (i) `layer_size` is an int, specifying the number of neurons;
            (ii) `activation_function` is None, or a callable object,
            or a string containing the name of the activation function
            ('relu', 'selu', 'elu', 'tanh', 'hardtanh', or 'sigmoid');
            (iii) `bias` is a boolean, specifying whether the layer
            is to have a bias or not.
            When omitted, bias is set to True.
    """

    nn.Module.__init__(self)

    for i, layer in enumerate(layers):
        if len(layer) == 2:
            size, actfunc = layer
            bias = True
        elif len(layer) == 3:
            size, actfunc, bias = layer
        else:
            assert False, "A layer tuple of invalid size is encountered"

        setattr(self, "layer_" + str(i), nn.Linear(input_size, size, bias=bias))

        if isinstance(actfunc, str):
            if actfunc == "relu":
                actfunc = nn.ReLU()
            elif actfunc == "selu":
                actfunc = nn.SELU()
            elif actfunc == "elu":
                actfunc = nn.ELU()
            elif actfunc == "tanh":
                actfunc = nn.Tanh()
            elif actfunc == "hardtanh":
                actfunc = nn.Hardtanh()
            elif actfunc == "sigmoid":
                actfunc = nn.Sigmoid()
            elif actfunc == "round":
                actfunc = Round()
            else:
                raise ValueError("Unknown activation function: " + repr(actfunc))

        setattr(self, "actfunc_" + str(i), actfunc)

        input_size = size

forward(self, x)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x):
    i = 0
    while hasattr(self, "layer_" + str(i)):
        x = getattr(self, "layer_" + str(i))(x)
        f = getattr(self, "actfunc_" + str(i))
        if f is not None:
            x = f(x)
        i += 1
    return x

LSTM (Module)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class LSTM(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        input_size: int,
        hidden_size: int,
        *,
        dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float32,
        device: Union[str, torch.device] = "cpu",
    ):
        super().__init__()
        input_size = int(input_size)
        hidden_size = int(hidden_size)

        self.input_size = input_size
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size

        def input_weight():
            return nn.Parameter(torch.randn(self.hidden_size, self.input_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        def weight():
            return nn.Parameter(torch.randn(self.hidden_size, self.hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        def bias():
            return nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        self.W_ii = input_weight()
        self.W_if = input_weight()
        self.W_ig = input_weight()
        self.W_io = input_weight()

        self.W_hi = weight()
        self.W_hf = weight()
        self.W_hg = weight()
        self.W_ho = weight()

        self.b_ii = bias()
        self.b_if = bias()
        self.b_ig = bias()
        self.b_io = bias()

        self.b_hi = bias()
        self.b_hf = bias()
        self.b_hg = bias()
        self.b_ho = bias()

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, hidden=None) -> tuple:
        sigm = torch.sigmoid
        tanh = torch.tanh

        if hidden is None:
            h_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
            c_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
        else:
            h_prev, c_prev = hidden

        i_t = sigm(self.W_ii @ x + self.b_ii + self.W_hi @ h_prev + self.b_hi)
        f_t = sigm(self.W_if @ x + self.b_if + self.W_hf @ h_prev + self.b_hf)
        g_t = tanh(self.W_ig @ x + self.b_ig + self.W_hg @ h_prev + self.b_hg)
        o_t = sigm(self.W_io @ x + self.b_io + self.W_ho @ h_prev + self.b_ho)
        c_t = f_t * c_prev + i_t * g_t
        h_t = o_t * tanh(c_t)

        return h_t, (h_t, c_t)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        clsname = type(self).__name__
        return f"{clsname}(input_size={self.input_size}, hidden_size={self.hidden_size})"

forward(self, x, hidden=None)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, hidden=None) -> tuple:
    sigm = torch.sigmoid
    tanh = torch.tanh

    if hidden is None:
        h_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
        c_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
    else:
        h_prev, c_prev = hidden

    i_t = sigm(self.W_ii @ x + self.b_ii + self.W_hi @ h_prev + self.b_hi)
    f_t = sigm(self.W_if @ x + self.b_if + self.W_hf @ h_prev + self.b_hf)
    g_t = tanh(self.W_ig @ x + self.b_ig + self.W_hg @ h_prev + self.b_hg)
    o_t = sigm(self.W_io @ x + self.b_io + self.W_ho @ h_prev + self.b_ho)
    c_t = f_t * c_prev + i_t * g_t
    h_t = o_t * tanh(c_t)

    return h_t, (h_t, c_t)

LSTMNet (Module)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class LSTM(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        input_size: int,
        hidden_size: int,
        *,
        dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float32,
        device: Union[str, torch.device] = "cpu",
    ):
        super().__init__()
        input_size = int(input_size)
        hidden_size = int(hidden_size)

        self.input_size = input_size
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size

        def input_weight():
            return nn.Parameter(torch.randn(self.hidden_size, self.input_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        def weight():
            return nn.Parameter(torch.randn(self.hidden_size, self.hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        def bias():
            return nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        self.W_ii = input_weight()
        self.W_if = input_weight()
        self.W_ig = input_weight()
        self.W_io = input_weight()

        self.W_hi = weight()
        self.W_hf = weight()
        self.W_hg = weight()
        self.W_ho = weight()

        self.b_ii = bias()
        self.b_if = bias()
        self.b_ig = bias()
        self.b_io = bias()

        self.b_hi = bias()
        self.b_hf = bias()
        self.b_hg = bias()
        self.b_ho = bias()

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, hidden=None) -> tuple:
        sigm = torch.sigmoid
        tanh = torch.tanh

        if hidden is None:
            h_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
            c_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
        else:
            h_prev, c_prev = hidden

        i_t = sigm(self.W_ii @ x + self.b_ii + self.W_hi @ h_prev + self.b_hi)
        f_t = sigm(self.W_if @ x + self.b_if + self.W_hf @ h_prev + self.b_hf)
        g_t = tanh(self.W_ig @ x + self.b_ig + self.W_hg @ h_prev + self.b_hg)
        o_t = sigm(self.W_io @ x + self.b_io + self.W_ho @ h_prev + self.b_ho)
        c_t = f_t * c_prev + i_t * g_t
        h_t = o_t * tanh(c_t)

        return h_t, (h_t, c_t)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        clsname = type(self).__name__
        return f"{clsname}(input_size={self.input_size}, hidden_size={self.hidden_size})"

forward(self, x, hidden=None)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, hidden=None) -> tuple:
    sigm = torch.sigmoid
    tanh = torch.tanh

    if hidden is None:
        h_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
        c_prev = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
    else:
        h_prev, c_prev = hidden

    i_t = sigm(self.W_ii @ x + self.b_ii + self.W_hi @ h_prev + self.b_hi)
    f_t = sigm(self.W_if @ x + self.b_if + self.W_hf @ h_prev + self.b_hf)
    g_t = tanh(self.W_ig @ x + self.b_ig + self.W_hg @ h_prev + self.b_hg)
    o_t = sigm(self.W_io @ x + self.b_io + self.W_ho @ h_prev + self.b_ho)
    c_t = f_t * c_prev + i_t * g_t
    h_t = o_t * tanh(c_t)

    return h_t, (h_t, c_t)

LocomotorNet (Module)

This is a control network which consists of two components: one linear, and one non-linear. The non-linear component is an input-independent set of sinusoidals waves whose amplitudes, frequencies and phases are trainable. Upon execution of a forward pass, the output of the non-linear component is the sum of all these sinusoidal waves. The linear component is a linear layer (optionally with bias) whose weights (and biases) are trainable. The final output of the LocomotorNet at the end of a forward pass is the sum of the linear and the non-linear components.

Note that this is a stateful network, where the only state is the timestep t, which starts from 0 and gets incremented by 1 at the end of each forward pass. The reset() method resets t back to 0.

Reference

Mario Srouji, Jian Zhang, Ruslan Salakhutdinov (2018). Structured Control Nets for Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class LocomotorNet(nn.Module):
    """LocomotorNet: A locomotion-specific structured control net.

    This is a control network which consists of two components:
    one linear, and one non-linear. The non-linear component
    is an input-independent set of sinusoidals waves whose
    amplitudes, frequencies and phases are trainable.
    Upon execution of a forward pass, the output of the non-linear
    component is the sum of all these sinusoidal waves.
    The linear component is a linear layer (optionally with bias)
    whose weights (and biases) are trainable.
    The final output of the LocomotorNet at the end of a forward pass
    is the sum of the linear and the non-linear components.

    Note that this is a stateful network, where the only state
    is the timestep t, which starts from 0 and gets incremented by 1
    at the end of each forward pass. The `reset()` method resets
    t back to 0.

    Reference:
        Mario Srouji, Jian Zhang, Ruslan Salakhutdinov (2018).
        Structured Control Nets for Deep Reinforcement Learning.
    """

    def __init__(self, *, in_features: int, out_features: int, bias: bool = True, num_sinusoids=16):
        """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the LocomotorNet.

        Args:
            in_features: Length of the input vector
            out_features: Length of the output vector
            bias: Whether or not the linear component is to have a bias
            num_sinusoids: Number of sinusoidal waves
        """

        nn.Module.__init__(self)

        self._in_features = in_features
        self._out_features = out_features
        self._bias = bias
        self._num_sinusoids = num_sinusoids

        self._linear_component = nn.Linear(
            in_features=self._in_features, out_features=self._out_features, bias=self._bias
        )

        self._amplitudes = nn.ParameterList()
        self._frequencies = nn.ParameterList()
        self._phases = nn.ParameterList()

        for _ in range(self._num_sinusoids):
            for paramlist in (self._amplitudes, self._frequencies, self._phases):
                paramlist.append(nn.Parameter(torch.randn(self._out_features, dtype=torch.float32)))

        self.reset()

    def reset(self):
        """Set the timestep t to 0"""
        self._t = 0

    @property
    def t(self) -> int:
        """The current timestep t"""
        return self._t

    @property
    def in_features(self) -> int:
        """Get the length of the input vector"""
        return self._in_features

    @property
    def out_features(self) -> int:
        """Get the length of the output vector"""
        return self._out_features

    @property
    def num_sinusoids(self) -> int:
        """Get the number of sinusoidal waves of the non-linear component"""
        return self._num_sinusoids

    @property
    def bias(self) -> bool:
        """Get whether or not the linear component has bias"""
        return self._bias

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Execute a forward pass"""
        u_linear = self._linear_component(x)

        t = self._t
        u_nonlinear = torch.zeros(self._out_features)
        for i in range(self._num_sinusoids):
            A = self._amplitudes[i]
            w = self._frequencies[i]
            phi = self._phases[i]
            u_nonlinear = u_nonlinear + (A * torch.sin(w * t + phi))

        self._t += 1

        return u_linear + u_nonlinear

bias: bool property readonly

Get whether or not the linear component has bias

in_features: int property readonly

Get the length of the input vector

num_sinusoids: int property readonly

Get the number of sinusoidal waves of the non-linear component

out_features: int property readonly

Get the length of the output vector

t: int property readonly

The current timestep t

__init__(self, *, in_features, out_features, bias=True, num_sinusoids=16) special

__init__(...): Initialize the LocomotorNet.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
in_features int

Length of the input vector

required
out_features int

Length of the output vector

required
bias bool

Whether or not the linear component is to have a bias

True
num_sinusoids

Number of sinusoidal waves

16
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def __init__(self, *, in_features: int, out_features: int, bias: bool = True, num_sinusoids=16):
    """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the LocomotorNet.

    Args:
        in_features: Length of the input vector
        out_features: Length of the output vector
        bias: Whether or not the linear component is to have a bias
        num_sinusoids: Number of sinusoidal waves
    """

    nn.Module.__init__(self)

    self._in_features = in_features
    self._out_features = out_features
    self._bias = bias
    self._num_sinusoids = num_sinusoids

    self._linear_component = nn.Linear(
        in_features=self._in_features, out_features=self._out_features, bias=self._bias
    )

    self._amplitudes = nn.ParameterList()
    self._frequencies = nn.ParameterList()
    self._phases = nn.ParameterList()

    for _ in range(self._num_sinusoids):
        for paramlist in (self._amplitudes, self._frequencies, self._phases):
            paramlist.append(nn.Parameter(torch.randn(self._out_features, dtype=torch.float32)))

    self.reset()

forward(self, x)

Execute a forward pass

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Execute a forward pass"""
    u_linear = self._linear_component(x)

    t = self._t
    u_nonlinear = torch.zeros(self._out_features)
    for i in range(self._num_sinusoids):
        A = self._amplitudes[i]
        w = self._frequencies[i]
        phi = self._phases[i]
        u_nonlinear = u_nonlinear + (A * torch.sin(w * t + phi))

    self._t += 1

    return u_linear + u_nonlinear

reset(self)

Set the timestep t to 0

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def reset(self):
    """Set the timestep t to 0"""
    self._t = 0

RNN (Module)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class RNN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        input_size: int,
        hidden_size: int,
        nonlinearity: str = "tanh",
        *,
        dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float32,
        device: Union[str, torch.device] = "cpu",
    ):
        super().__init__()

        input_size = int(input_size)
        hidden_size = int(hidden_size)
        nonlinearity = str(nonlinearity)

        self.W1 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(hidden_size, input_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))
        self.W2 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(hidden_size, hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))
        self.b1 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))
        self.b2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        if nonlinearity == "tanh":
            self.actfunc = torch.tanh
        else:
            self.actfunc = getattr(nnf, nonlinearity)

        self.nonlinearity = nonlinearity
        self.input_size = input_size
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> tuple:
        if h is None:
            h = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
        act = self.actfunc
        W1 = self.W1
        W2 = self.W2
        b1 = self.b1.unsqueeze(-1)
        b2 = self.b2.unsqueeze(-1)
        x = x.unsqueeze(-1)
        h = h.unsqueeze(-1)
        y = act(((W1 @ x) + b1) + ((W2 @ h) + b2))
        y = y.squeeze(-1)
        return y, y

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        clsname = type(self).__name__
        return f"{clsname}(input_size={self.input_size}, hidden_size={self.hidden_size}, nonlinearity={repr(self.nonlinearity)})"

forward(self, x, h=None)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> tuple:
    if h is None:
        h = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
    act = self.actfunc
    W1 = self.W1
    W2 = self.W2
    b1 = self.b1.unsqueeze(-1)
    b2 = self.b2.unsqueeze(-1)
    x = x.unsqueeze(-1)
    h = h.unsqueeze(-1)
    y = act(((W1 @ x) + b1) + ((W2 @ h) + b2))
    y = y.squeeze(-1)
    return y, y

RecurrentNet (Module)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class RNN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        input_size: int,
        hidden_size: int,
        nonlinearity: str = "tanh",
        *,
        dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float32,
        device: Union[str, torch.device] = "cpu",
    ):
        super().__init__()

        input_size = int(input_size)
        hidden_size = int(hidden_size)
        nonlinearity = str(nonlinearity)

        self.W1 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(hidden_size, input_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))
        self.W2 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(hidden_size, hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))
        self.b1 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))
        self.b2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(hidden_size, dtype=dtype, device=device))

        if nonlinearity == "tanh":
            self.actfunc = torch.tanh
        else:
            self.actfunc = getattr(nnf, nonlinearity)

        self.nonlinearity = nonlinearity
        self.input_size = input_size
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> tuple:
        if h is None:
            h = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
        act = self.actfunc
        W1 = self.W1
        W2 = self.W2
        b1 = self.b1.unsqueeze(-1)
        b2 = self.b2.unsqueeze(-1)
        x = x.unsqueeze(-1)
        h = h.unsqueeze(-1)
        y = act(((W1 @ x) + b1) + ((W2 @ h) + b2))
        y = y.squeeze(-1)
        return y, y

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        clsname = type(self).__name__
        return f"{clsname}(input_size={self.input_size}, hidden_size={self.hidden_size}, nonlinearity={repr(self.nonlinearity)})"

forward(self, x, h=None)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> tuple:
    if h is None:
        h = torch.zeros(self.hidden_size, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
    act = self.actfunc
    W1 = self.W1
    W2 = self.W2
    b1 = self.b1.unsqueeze(-1)
    b2 = self.b2.unsqueeze(-1)
    x = x.unsqueeze(-1)
    h = h.unsqueeze(-1)
    y = act(((W1 @ x) + b1) + ((W2 @ h) + b2))
    y = y.squeeze(-1)
    return y, y

Round (Module)

A small torch module for rounding the values of an input tensor

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class Round(nn.Module):
    """A small torch module for rounding the values of an input tensor"""

    def __init__(self, ndigits: int = 0):
        nn.Module.__init__(self)
        self._ndigits = int(ndigits)
        self._q = 10.0**self._ndigits

    def forward(self, x):
        x = x * self._q
        x = torch.round(x)
        x = x / self._q
        return x

    def extra_repr(self):
        return "ndigits=" + str(self._ndigits)

extra_repr(self)

Set the extra representation of the module

To print customized extra information, you should re-implement this method in your own modules. Both single-line and multi-line strings are acceptable.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def extra_repr(self):
    return "ndigits=" + str(self._ndigits)

forward(self, x)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x):
    x = x * self._q
    x = torch.round(x)
    x = x / self._q
    return x

Slice (Module)

A small torch module for getting the slice of an input tensor

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class Slice(nn.Module):
    """A small torch module for getting the slice of an input tensor"""

    def __init__(self, from_index: int, to_index: int):
        """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Slice operator.

        Args:
            from_index: The index from which the slice begins.
            to_index: The exclusive index at which the slice ends.
        """
        nn.Module.__init__(self)
        self._from_index = from_index
        self._to_index = to_index

    def forward(self, x):
        return x[self._from_index : self._to_index]

    def extra_repr(self):
        return "from_index={}, to_index={}".format(self._from_index, self._to_index)

__init__(self, from_index, to_index) special

__init__(...): Initialize the Slice operator.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
from_index int

The index from which the slice begins.

required
to_index int

The exclusive index at which the slice ends.

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def __init__(self, from_index: int, to_index: int):
    """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the Slice operator.

    Args:
        from_index: The index from which the slice begins.
        to_index: The exclusive index at which the slice ends.
    """
    nn.Module.__init__(self)
    self._from_index = from_index
    self._to_index = to_index

extra_repr(self)

Set the extra representation of the module

To print customized extra information, you should re-implement this method in your own modules. Both single-line and multi-line strings are acceptable.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def extra_repr(self):
    return "from_index={}, to_index={}".format(self._from_index, self._to_index)

forward(self, x)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x):
    return x[self._from_index : self._to_index]

StructuredControlNet (Module)

Structured Control Net.

This is a control network consisting of two components: (i) a non-linear component, which is a feed-forward network; and (ii) a linear component, which is a linear layer. Both components take the input vector provided to the structured control network. The final output is the sum of the outputs of both components.

Reference

Mario Srouji, Jian Zhang, Ruslan Salakhutdinov (2018). Structured Control Nets for Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
class StructuredControlNet(nn.Module):
    """Structured Control Net.

    This is a control network consisting of two components:
    (i) a non-linear component, which is a feed-forward network; and
    (ii) a linear component, which is a linear layer.
    Both components take the input vector provided to the
    structured control network.
    The final output is the sum of the outputs of both components.

    Reference:
        Mario Srouji, Jian Zhang, Ruslan Salakhutdinov (2018).
        Structured Control Nets for Deep Reinforcement Learning.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        *,
        in_features: int,
        out_features: int,
        num_layers: int,
        hidden_size: int,
        bias: bool = True,
        nonlinearity: Union[str, Callable] = "tanh",
    ):
        """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the structured control net.

        Args:
            in_features: Length of the input vector
            out_features: Length of the output vector
            num_layers: Number of hidden layers for the non-linear component
            hidden_size: Number of neurons in a hidden layer of the
                non-linear component
            bias: Whether or not the linear component is to have bias
            nonlinearity: Activation function
        """

        nn.Module.__init__(self)

        self._in_features = in_features
        self._out_features = out_features
        self._num_layers = num_layers
        self._hidden_size = hidden_size
        self._bias = bias
        self._nonlinearity = nonlinearity

        self._linear_component = nn.Linear(
            in_features=self._in_features, out_features=self._out_features, bias=self._bias
        )

        self._nonlinear_component = FeedForwardNet(
            input_size=self._in_features,
            layers=(
                list((self._hidden_size, self._nonlinearity) for _ in range(self._num_layers))
                + [(self._out_features, self._nonlinearity)]
            ),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """TODO: documentation"""
        return self._linear_component(x) + self._nonlinear_component(x)

    @property
    def in_features(self):
        """TODO: documentation"""
        return self._in_features

    @property
    def out_features(self):
        """TODO: documentation"""
        return self._out_features

    @property
    def num_layers(self):
        """TODO: documentation"""
        return self._num_layers

    @property
    def hidden_size(self):
        """TODO: documentation"""
        return self._hidden_size

    @property
    def bias(self):
        """TODO: documentation"""
        return self._bias

    @property
    def nonlinearity(self):
        """TODO: documentation"""
        return self._nonlinearity

bias property readonly

hidden_size property readonly

in_features property readonly

nonlinearity property readonly

num_layers property readonly

out_features property readonly

__init__(self, *, in_features, out_features, num_layers, hidden_size, bias=True, nonlinearity='tanh') special

__init__(...): Initialize the structured control net.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
in_features int

Length of the input vector

required
out_features int

Length of the output vector

required
num_layers int

Number of hidden layers for the non-linear component

required
hidden_size int

Number of neurons in a hidden layer of the non-linear component

required
bias bool

Whether or not the linear component is to have bias

True
nonlinearity Union[str, Callable]

Activation function

'tanh'
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def __init__(
    self,
    *,
    in_features: int,
    out_features: int,
    num_layers: int,
    hidden_size: int,
    bias: bool = True,
    nonlinearity: Union[str, Callable] = "tanh",
):
    """`__init__(...)`: Initialize the structured control net.

    Args:
        in_features: Length of the input vector
        out_features: Length of the output vector
        num_layers: Number of hidden layers for the non-linear component
        hidden_size: Number of neurons in a hidden layer of the
            non-linear component
        bias: Whether or not the linear component is to have bias
        nonlinearity: Activation function
    """

    nn.Module.__init__(self)

    self._in_features = in_features
    self._out_features = out_features
    self._num_layers = num_layers
    self._hidden_size = hidden_size
    self._bias = bias
    self._nonlinearity = nonlinearity

    self._linear_component = nn.Linear(
        in_features=self._in_features, out_features=self._out_features, bias=self._bias
    )

    self._nonlinear_component = FeedForwardNet(
        input_size=self._in_features,
        layers=(
            list((self._hidden_size, self._nonlinearity) for _ in range(self._num_layers))
            + [(self._out_features, self._nonlinearity)]
        ),
    )

forward(self, x)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/layers.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    """TODO: documentation"""
    return self._linear_component(x) + self._nonlinear_component(x)

misc

Utilities for reading and for writing neural network parameters

count_parameters(net)

Get the number of parameters the network.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
net Module

The torch module whose parameters will be counted.

required

Returns:

Type Description
int

The number of parameters, as an integer.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/misc.py
def count_parameters(net: nn.Module) -> int:
    """
    Get the number of parameters the network.

    Args:
        net: The torch module whose parameters will be counted.
    Returns:
        The number of parameters, as an integer.
    """

    count = 0

    for p in net.parameters():
        count += p.numel()

    return count

device_of_module(m, default=None)

Get the device in which the module exists.

This function looks at the first parameter of the module, and returns its device. This function is not meant to be used on modules whose parameters exist on different devices.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
m Module

The module whose device is being queried.

required
default Union[str, torch.device]

The fallback device to return if the module has no parameters. If this is left as None, the fallback device is assumed to be "cpu".

None

Returns:

Type Description
device

The device of the module, determined from its first parameter.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/misc.py
def device_of_module(m: nn.Module, default: Optional[Union[str, torch.device]] = None) -> torch.device:
    """
    Get the device in which the module exists.

    This function looks at the first parameter of the module, and returns
    its device. This function is not meant to be used on modules whose
    parameters exist on different devices.

    Args:
        m: The module whose device is being queried.
        default: The fallback device to return if the module has no
            parameters. If this is left as None, the fallback device
            is assumed to be "cpu".
    Returns:
        The device of the module, determined from its first parameter.
    """
    if default is None:
        default = torch.device("cpu")

    device = default

    for p in m.parameters():
        device = p.device
        break

    return device

fill_parameters(net, vector)

Fill the parameters of a torch module (net) from a vector.

No gradient information is kept.

The vector's length must be exactly the same with the number of parameters of the PyTorch module.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
net Module

The torch module whose parameter values will be filled.

required
vector Tensor

A 1-D torch tensor which stores the parameter values.

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/misc.py
@torch.no_grad()
def fill_parameters(net: nn.Module, vector: torch.Tensor):
    """Fill the parameters of a torch module (net) from a vector.

    No gradient information is kept.

    The vector's length must be exactly the same with the number
    of parameters of the PyTorch module.

    Args:
        net: The torch module whose parameter values will be filled.
        vector: A 1-D torch tensor which stores the parameter values.
    """
    address = 0
    for p in net.parameters():
        d = p.data.view(-1)
        n = len(d)
        d[:] = torch.as_tensor(vector[address : address + n], device=d.device)
        address += n

    if address != len(vector):
        raise IndexError("The parameter vector is larger than expected")

parameter_vector(net, *, device=None)

Get all the parameters of a torch module (net) into a vector

No gradient information is kept.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
net Module

The torch module whose parameters will be extracted.

required
device Union[str, torch.device]

The device in which the parameter vector will be constructed. If the network has parameter across multiple devices, you can specify this argument so that concatenation of all the parameters will be successful.

None

Returns:

Type Description
Tensor

The parameters of the module in a 1-D tensor.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/misc.py
@torch.no_grad()
def parameter_vector(net: nn.Module, *, device: Optional[Device] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Get all the parameters of a torch module (net) into a vector

    No gradient information is kept.

    Args:
        net: The torch module whose parameters will be extracted.
        device: The device in which the parameter vector will be constructed.
            If the network has parameter across multiple devices,
            you can specify this argument so that concatenation of all the
            parameters will be successful.
    Returns:
        The parameters of the module in a 1-D tensor.
    """
    dev_kwarg = {} if device is None else {"device": device}

    all_vectors = []
    for p in net.parameters():
        all_vectors.append(torch.as_tensor(p.data.view(-1), **dev_kwarg))

    return torch.cat(all_vectors)

multilayered

MultiLayered (Module)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/multilayered.py
class MultiLayered(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, *layers: nn.Module):
        super().__init__()
        self._submodules = nn.ModuleList(layers)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Optional[dict] = None):
        if h is None:
            h = {}

        new_h = {}

        for i, layer in enumerate(self._submodules):
            layer_h = h.get(i, None)
            if layer_h is None:
                layer_result = layer(x)
            else:
                layer_result = layer(x, h[i])

            if isinstance(layer_result, tuple):
                if len(layer_result) == 2:
                    x, layer_new_h = layer_result
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"The layer number {i} returned a tuple of length {len(layer_result)}."
                        f" A tensor or a tuple of two elements was expected."
                    )
            elif isinstance(layer_result, torch.Tensor):
                x = layer_result
                layer_new_h = None
            else:
                raise TypeError(
                    f"The layer number {i} returned an object of type {type(layer_result)}."
                    f" A tensor or a tuple of two elements was expected."
                )

            if layer_new_h is not None:
                new_h[i] = layer_new_h

        if len(new_h) == 0:
            return x
        else:
            return x, new_h

    def __iter__(self):
        return self._submodules.__iter__()

    def __getitem__(self, i):
        return self._submodules[i]

    def append(self, module: nn.Module):
        self._submodules.append(module)

forward(self, x, h=None)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/multilayered.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Optional[dict] = None):
    if h is None:
        h = {}

    new_h = {}

    for i, layer in enumerate(self._submodules):
        layer_h = h.get(i, None)
        if layer_h is None:
            layer_result = layer(x)
        else:
            layer_result = layer(x, h[i])

        if isinstance(layer_result, tuple):
            if len(layer_result) == 2:
                x, layer_new_h = layer_result
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"The layer number {i} returned a tuple of length {len(layer_result)}."
                    f" A tensor or a tuple of two elements was expected."
                )
        elif isinstance(layer_result, torch.Tensor):
            x = layer_result
            layer_new_h = None
        else:
            raise TypeError(
                f"The layer number {i} returned an object of type {type(layer_result)}."
                f" A tensor or a tuple of two elements was expected."
            )

        if layer_new_h is not None:
            new_h[i] = layer_new_h

    if len(new_h) == 0:
        return x
    else:
        return x, new_h

parser

Utilities for parsing string representations of neural net policies

NetParsingError (Exception)

Representation of a parsing error

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/parser.py
class NetParsingError(Exception):
    """
    Representation of a parsing error
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        message: str,
        lineno: Optional[int] = None,
        col_offset: Optional[int] = None,
        original_error: Optional[Exception] = None,
    ):
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the NetParsingError.

        Args:
            message: Error message, as string.
            lineno: Erroneous line number in the string representation of the
                neural network structure.
            col_offset: Erroneous column number in the string representation
                of the neural network structure.
            original_error: If another error caused this parsing error,
                that original error can be attached to this `NetParsingError`
                instance via this argument.
        """
        super().__init__()
        self.message = message
        self.lineno = lineno
        self.col_offset = col_offset
        self.original_error = original_error

    def _to_string(self) -> str:
        parts = []

        parts.append(type(self).__name__)

        if self.lineno is not None:
            parts.append(" at line(")
            parts.append(str(self.lineno - 1))
            parts.append(")")

        if self.col_offset is not None:
            parts.append(" at column(")
            parts.append(str(self.col_offset + 1))
            parts.append(")")

        parts.append(": ")
        parts.append(self.message)

        return "".join(parts)

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return self._to_string()

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return self._to_string()

__init__(self, message, lineno=None, col_offset=None, original_error=None) special

__init__(...): Initialize the NetParsingError.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
message str

Error message, as string.

required
lineno Optional[int]

Erroneous line number in the string representation of the neural network structure.

None
col_offset Optional[int]

Erroneous column number in the string representation of the neural network structure.

None
original_error Optional[Exception]

If another error caused this parsing error, that original error can be attached to this NetParsingError instance via this argument.

None
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/parser.py
def __init__(
    self,
    message: str,
    lineno: Optional[int] = None,
    col_offset: Optional[int] = None,
    original_error: Optional[Exception] = None,
):
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the NetParsingError.

    Args:
        message: Error message, as string.
        lineno: Erroneous line number in the string representation of the
            neural network structure.
        col_offset: Erroneous column number in the string representation
            of the neural network structure.
        original_error: If another error caused this parsing error,
            that original error can be attached to this `NetParsingError`
            instance via this argument.
    """
    super().__init__()
    self.message = message
    self.lineno = lineno
    self.col_offset = col_offset
    self.original_error = original_error

str_to_net(s, **constants)

Read a string representation of a neural net structure, and return a torch.nn.Module instance out of it.

Let us imagine that one wants to describe the following neural network structure:

from torch import nn

net = nn.Sequential(
    nn.Linear(8, 16), nn.Tanh(), nn.Linear(16, 4, bias=False), nn.ReLU()
)

By using str_to_net(...) one can construct an equivalent module via:

from evotorch.neuroevolution.net import str_to_net

net = str_to_net("Linear(8, 16) >> Tanh() >> Linear(16, 4, bias=False) >> ReLU()")

The string can also be multi-line:

net = str_to_net(
    '''
    Linear(8, 16)
    >> Tanh()
    >> Linear(16, 4, bias=False)
    >> ReLU()
    '''
)

One can also define constants for using them in strings:

net = str_to_net(
    '''
    Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
    >> Tanh()
    >> Linear(hidden_size, output_size, bias=False)
    >> ReLU()
    ''',
    input_size=8,
    hidden_size=16,
    output_size=4,
)

In the neural net structure string, when one refers to a module type, say, Linear, first the name Linear is searched for in the namespace evotorch.neuroevolution.net.layers, and then in the namespace torch.nn. In the case of Linear, the searched name exists in torch.nn, and therefore, the layer type to be instantiated is accepted as torch.nn.Linear. Instead of Linear, if one had used the name, say, StructuredControlNet, then, the layer type to be instantiated would be evotorch.neuroevolution.net.layers.StructuredControlNet.

The namespace evotorch.neuroevolution.net.layers contains its own implementations for RNN and LSTM. These recurrent layer implementations work similarly to their counterparts torch.nn.RNN and torch.nn.LSTM, except that EvoTorch's implementations do not expect the data with extra leftmost dimensions for batching and for timesteps. Instead, they expect to receive a single input and a single current hidden state, and produce a single output and a single new hidden state. These recurrent layer implementations of EvoTorch can be used within a neural net structure string. Therefore, the following examples are valid:

rnn1 = str_to_net("RNN(4, 8) >> Linear(8, 2)")

rnn2 = str_to_net(
    '''
    Linear(4, 10)
    >> Tanh()
    >> RNN(input_size=10, hidden_size=24, nonlinearity='tanh'
    >> Linear(24, 2)
    '''
)

lstm1 = str_to_net("LSTM(4, 32) >> Linear(32, 2)")

lstm2 = str_to_net("LSTM(input_size=4, hidden_size=32) >> Linear(32, 2)")

Notes regarding usage with evotorch.neuroevolution.GymNE or with evotorch.neuroevolution.VecGymNE:

While instantiating a GymNE or a VecGymNE, one can specify a neural net structure string as the policy. Therefore, while filling the policy string for a GymNE, all these rules mentioned above apply. Additionally, while using str_to_net(...) internally, GymNE and VecGymNE define these extra constants: obs_length (length of the observation vector), act_length (length of the action vector for continuous-action environments, or number of actions for discrete-action environments), and obs_shape (shape of the observation as a tuple, assuming that the observation space is of type gym.spaces.Box, usable within the string like obs_shape[0], obs_shape[1], etc., or simply obs_shape to refer to the entire tuple).

Therefore, while instantiating a GymNE or a VecGymNE, one can define a single-hidden-layered policy via this string:

"Linear(obs_length, 16) >> Tanh() >> Linear(16, act_length) >> Tanh()"

In the policy string above, one might choose to omit the last Tanh(), as GymNE and VecGymNE will clip the final output of the policy to conform to the action boundaries defined by the target reinforcement learning environment, and such a clipping operation might be seen as using an activation function similar to hard-tanh anyway.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
s str

The string which expresses the neural net structure.

required

Returns:

Type Description
Module

The PyTorch module of the specified structure.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/parser.py
def str_to_net(s: str, **constants) -> nn.Module:
    """
    Read a string representation of a neural net structure,
    and return a `torch.nn.Module` instance out of it.

    Let us imagine that one wants to describe the following
    neural network structure:

    ```python
    from torch import nn

    net = nn.Sequential(
        nn.Linear(8, 16), nn.Tanh(), nn.Linear(16, 4, bias=False), nn.ReLU()
    )
    ```

    By using `str_to_net(...)` one can construct an equivalent
    module via:

    ```python
    from evotorch.neuroevolution.net import str_to_net

    net = str_to_net("Linear(8, 16) >> Tanh() >> Linear(16, 4, bias=False) >> ReLU()")
    ```

    The string can also be multi-line:

    ```python
    net = str_to_net(
        '''
        Linear(8, 16)
        >> Tanh()
        >> Linear(16, 4, bias=False)
        >> ReLU()
        '''
    )
    ```

    One can also define constants for using them in strings:

    ```python
    net = str_to_net(
        '''
        Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        >> Tanh()
        >> Linear(hidden_size, output_size, bias=False)
        >> ReLU()
        ''',
        input_size=8,
        hidden_size=16,
        output_size=4,
    )
    ```

    In the neural net structure string, when one refers to a module type,
    say, `Linear`, first the name `Linear` is searched for in the namespace
    `evotorch.neuroevolution.net.layers`, and then in the namespace `torch.nn`.
    In the case of `Linear`, the searched name exists in `torch.nn`,
    and therefore, the layer type to be instantiated is accepted as
    `torch.nn.Linear`.
    Instead of `Linear`, if one had used the name, say,
    `StructuredControlNet`, then, the layer type to be instantiated
    would be `evotorch.neuroevolution.net.layers.StructuredControlNet`.

    The namespace `evotorch.neuroevolution.net.layers` contains its own
    implementations for RNN and LSTM. These recurrent layer implementations
    work similarly to their counterparts `torch.nn.RNN` and `torch.nn.LSTM`,
    except that EvoTorch's implementations do not expect the data with extra
    leftmost dimensions for batching and for timesteps. Instead, they expect
    to receive a single input and a single current hidden state, and produce
    a single output and a single new hidden state. These recurrent layer
    implementations of EvoTorch can be used within a neural net structure
    string. Therefore, the following examples are valid:

    ```python
    rnn1 = str_to_net("RNN(4, 8) >> Linear(8, 2)")

    rnn2 = str_to_net(
        '''
        Linear(4, 10)
        >> Tanh()
        >> RNN(input_size=10, hidden_size=24, nonlinearity='tanh'
        >> Linear(24, 2)
        '''
    )

    lstm1 = str_to_net("LSTM(4, 32) >> Linear(32, 2)")

    lstm2 = str_to_net("LSTM(input_size=4, hidden_size=32) >> Linear(32, 2)")
    ```

    **Notes regarding usage with `evotorch.neuroevolution.GymNE`
    or with `evotorch.neuroevolution.VecGymNE`:**

    While instantiating a `GymNE` or a `VecGymNE`, one can specify a neural
    net structure string as the policy. Therefore, while filling the policy
    string for a `GymNE`, all these rules mentioned above apply. Additionally,
    while using `str_to_net(...)` internally, `GymNE` and `VecGymNE` define
    these extra constants:
    `obs_length` (length of the observation vector),
    `act_length` (length of the action vector for continuous-action
    environments, or number of actions for discrete-action
    environments), and
    `obs_shape` (shape of the observation as a tuple, assuming that the
    observation space is of type `gym.spaces.Box`, usable within the string
    like `obs_shape[0]`, `obs_shape[1]`, etc., or simply `obs_shape` to refer
    to the entire tuple).

    Therefore, while instantiating a `GymNE` or a `VecGymNE`, one can define a
    single-hidden-layered policy via this string:

    ```
    "Linear(obs_length, 16) >> Tanh() >> Linear(16, act_length) >> Tanh()"
    ```

    In the policy string above, one might choose to omit the last `Tanh()`, as
    `GymNE` and `VecGymNE` will clip the final output of the policy to conform
    to the action boundaries defined by the target reinforcement learning
    environment, and such a clipping operation might be seen as using an
    activation function similar to hard-tanh anyway.

    Args:
        s: The string which expresses the neural net structure.
    Returns:
        The PyTorch module of the specified structure.
    """
    s = f"(\n{s}\n)"
    return _process_expr(ast.parse(s, mode="eval").body, constants=constants)

rl

This namespace provides various reinforcement learning utilities.

ActClipWrapperModule (Module)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
class ActClipWrapperModule(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, wrapped_module: nn.Module, obs_space: Box):
        super().__init__()

        device = device_of_module(wrapped_module)

        if not isinstance(obs_space, Box):
            raise TypeError(f"Unrecognized observation space: {obs_space}")

        self.wrapped_module = wrapped_module
        self.register_buffer("_low", torch.from_numpy(obs_space.low).to(device))
        self.register_buffer("_high", torch.from_numpy(obs_space.high).to(device))

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Any = None) -> Union[torch.Tensor, tuple]:
        if h is None:
            result = self.wrapped_module(x)
        else:
            result = self.wrapped_module(x, h)

        if isinstance(result, tuple):
            x, h = result
            got_h = True
        else:
            x = result
            h = None
            got_h = False

        x = torch.max(x, self._low)
        x = torch.min(x, self._high)

        if got_h:
            return x, h
        else:
            return x

forward(self, x, h=None)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Any = None) -> Union[torch.Tensor, tuple]:
    if h is None:
        result = self.wrapped_module(x)
    else:
        result = self.wrapped_module(x, h)

    if isinstance(result, tuple):
        x, h = result
        got_h = True
    else:
        x = result
        h = None
        got_h = False

    x = torch.max(x, self._low)
    x = torch.min(x, self._high)

    if got_h:
        return x, h
    else:
        return x

AliveBonusScheduleWrapper (Wrapper)

A Wrapper which awards the agent for being alive in a scheduled manner This wrapper is meant to be used for non-vectorized environments.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
class AliveBonusScheduleWrapper(gym.Wrapper):
    """
    A Wrapper which awards the agent for being alive in a scheduled manner
    This wrapper is meant to be used for non-vectorized environments.
    """

    def __init__(self, env: gym.Env, alive_bonus_schedule: tuple, **kwargs):
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the AliveBonusScheduleWrapper.

        Args:
            env: Environment to wrap.
            alive_bonus_schedule: If given as a tuple `(t, b)`, an alive
                bonus `b` will be added onto all the rewards beyond the
                timestep `t`.
                If given as a tuple `(t0, t1, b)`, a partial (linearly
                increasing towards `b`) alive bonus will be added onto
                all the rewards between the timesteps `t0` and `t1`,
                and a full alive bonus (which equals to `b`) will be added
                onto all the rewards beyond the timestep `t1`.
            kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments,
                these will be passed to the initialization method of the
                superclass.
        """
        super().__init__(env, **kwargs)
        self.__t: Optional[int] = None

        if len(alive_bonus_schedule) == 3:
            self.__t0, self.__t1, self.__bonus = (
                int(alive_bonus_schedule[0]),
                int(alive_bonus_schedule[1]),
                float(alive_bonus_schedule[2]),
            )
        elif len(alive_bonus_schedule) == 2:
            self.__t0, self.__t1, self.__bonus = (
                int(alive_bonus_schedule[0]),
                int(alive_bonus_schedule[0]),
                float(alive_bonus_schedule[1]),
            )
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The argument `alive_bonus_schedule` was expected to have 2 or 3 elements."
                f" However, its value is {repr(alive_bonus_schedule)} (having {len(alive_bonus_schedule)} elements)."
            )

        if self.__t1 > self.__t0:
            self.__gap = self.__t1 - self.__t0
        else:
            self.__gap = None

    def reset(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.__t = 0
        return self.env.reset(*args, **kwargs)

    def step(self, action) -> tuple:
        step_result = self.env.step(action)
        self.__t += 1

        observation = step_result[0]
        reward = step_result[1]
        rest = step_result[2:]

        if self.__t >= self.__t1:
            reward = reward + self.__bonus
        elif (self.__gap is not None) and (self.__t >= self.__t0):
            reward = reward + ((self.__t - self.__t0) / self.__gap) * self.__bonus

        return (observation, reward) + rest

__init__(self, env, alive_bonus_schedule, **kwargs) special

__init__(...): Initialize the AliveBonusScheduleWrapper.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
env Env

Environment to wrap.

required
alive_bonus_schedule tuple

If given as a tuple (t, b), an alive bonus b will be added onto all the rewards beyond the timestep t. If given as a tuple (t0, t1, b), a partial (linearly increasing towards b) alive bonus will be added onto all the rewards between the timesteps t0 and t1, and a full alive bonus (which equals to b) will be added onto all the rewards beyond the timestep t1.

required
kwargs

Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these will be passed to the initialization method of the superclass.

{}
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
def __init__(self, env: gym.Env, alive_bonus_schedule: tuple, **kwargs):
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the AliveBonusScheduleWrapper.

    Args:
        env: Environment to wrap.
        alive_bonus_schedule: If given as a tuple `(t, b)`, an alive
            bonus `b` will be added onto all the rewards beyond the
            timestep `t`.
            If given as a tuple `(t0, t1, b)`, a partial (linearly
            increasing towards `b`) alive bonus will be added onto
            all the rewards between the timesteps `t0` and `t1`,
            and a full alive bonus (which equals to `b`) will be added
            onto all the rewards beyond the timestep `t1`.
        kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments,
            these will be passed to the initialization method of the
            superclass.
    """
    super().__init__(env, **kwargs)
    self.__t: Optional[int] = None

    if len(alive_bonus_schedule) == 3:
        self.__t0, self.__t1, self.__bonus = (
            int(alive_bonus_schedule[0]),
            int(alive_bonus_schedule[1]),
            float(alive_bonus_schedule[2]),
        )
    elif len(alive_bonus_schedule) == 2:
        self.__t0, self.__t1, self.__bonus = (
            int(alive_bonus_schedule[0]),
            int(alive_bonus_schedule[0]),
            float(alive_bonus_schedule[1]),
        )
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            f"The argument `alive_bonus_schedule` was expected to have 2 or 3 elements."
            f" However, its value is {repr(alive_bonus_schedule)} (having {len(alive_bonus_schedule)} elements)."
        )

    if self.__t1 > self.__t0:
        self.__gap = self.__t1 - self.__t0
    else:
        self.__gap = None

reset(self, *args, **kwargs)

Resets the environment with kwargs.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
def reset(self, *args, **kwargs):
    self.__t = 0
    return self.env.reset(*args, **kwargs)

step(self, action)

Steps through the environment with action.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
def step(self, action) -> tuple:
    step_result = self.env.step(action)
    self.__t += 1

    observation = step_result[0]
    reward = step_result[1]
    rest = step_result[2:]

    if self.__t >= self.__t1:
        reward = reward + self.__bonus
    elif (self.__gap is not None) and (self.__t >= self.__t0):
        reward = reward + ((self.__t - self.__t0) / self.__gap) * self.__bonus

    return (observation, reward) + rest

ObsNormWrapperModule (Module)

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
class ObsNormWrapperModule(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, wrapped_module: nn.Module, rn: Union[RunningStat, RunningNorm]):
        super().__init__()

        device = device_of_module(wrapped_module)
        self.wrapped_module = wrapped_module

        with torch.no_grad():
            normalizer = deepcopy(rn.to_layer()).to(device)
        self.normalizer = normalizer

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Any = None) -> Union[torch.Tensor, tuple]:
        x = self.normalizer(x)

        if h is None:
            result = self.wrapped_module(x)
        else:
            result = self.wrapped_module(x, h)

        if isinstance(result, tuple):
            x, h = result
            got_h = True
        else:
            x = result
            h = None
            got_h = False

        if got_h:
            return x, h
        else:
            return x

forward(self, x, h=None)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, h: Any = None) -> Union[torch.Tensor, tuple]:
    x = self.normalizer(x)

    if h is None:
        result = self.wrapped_module(x)
    else:
        result = self.wrapped_module(x, h)

    if isinstance(result, tuple):
        x, h = result
        got_h = True
    else:
        x = result
        h = None
        got_h = False

    if got_h:
        return x, h
    else:
        return x

reset_env(env)

Reset a gym environment.

For gym 1.0, the plan is to have a reset(...) method which returns a two-element tuple (observation, info) where info is an object providing any additional information regarding the initial state of the agent. However, the old (pre 1.0) gym API (and some environments which were written with old gym compatibility in mind) has (or have) a reset(...) method which returns a single object that is the initial observation. With the assumption that the observation space of the environment is NOT tuple, this function can work with both pre-1.0 and (hopefully) after-1.0 versions of gym, and always returns the initial observation.

Please do not use this function on environments whose observation spaces or tuples, because then this function cannot distinguish between environments whose reset(...) methods return a tuple and environments whose reset(...) methods return a single observation object but that observation object is a tuple.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
env Env

The gym environment which will be reset.

required

Returns:

Type Description
Iterable

The initial observation

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
def reset_env(env: gym.Env) -> Iterable:
    """
    Reset a gym environment.

    For gym 1.0, the plan is to have a `reset(...)` method which returns
    a two-element tuple `(observation, info)` where `info` is an object
    providing any additional information regarding the initial state of
    the agent. However, the old (pre 1.0) gym API (and some environments
    which were written with old gym compatibility in mind) has (or have)
    a `reset(...)` method which returns a single object that is the
    initial observation.
    With the assumption that the observation space of the environment
    is NOT tuple, this function can work with both pre-1.0 and (hopefully)
    after-1.0 versions of gym, and always returns the initial observation.

    Please do not use this function on environments whose observation
    spaces or tuples, because then this function cannot distinguish between
    environments whose `reset(...)` methods return a tuple and environments
    whose `reset(...)` methods return a single observation object but that
    observation object is a tuple.

    Args:
        env: The gym environment which will be reset.
    Returns:
        The initial observation
    """
    result = env.reset()
    if isinstance(result, tuple) and (len(result) == 2):
        result = result[0]
    return result

take_step_in_env(env, action)

Take a step in the gym environment. Taking a step means performing the action provided via the arguments.

For gym 1.0, the plan is to have a step(...) method which returns a 5-elements tuple containing observation, reward, terminated, truncated, info where terminated is a boolean indicating whether or not the episode is terminated because of the actions taken within the environment, and truncated is a boolean indicating whether or not the episode is finished because the time limit is reached. However, the old (pre 1.0) gym API (and some environments which were written with old gym compatibility in mind) has (or have) a step(...) method which returns 4 elements: observation, reward, done, info where done is a boolean indicating whether or not the episode is "done", either because of termination or because of truncation. This function can work with both pre-1.0 and (hopefully) after-1.0 versions of gym, and always returns the 4-element tuple as its result.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
env Env

The gym environment in which the given action will be performed.

required

Returns:

Type Description
tuple

A tuple in the form (observation, reward, done, info) where observation is the observation received after performing the action, reward is the amount of reward gained, done is a boolean value indicating whether or not the episode has ended, and info is additional information (usually as a dictionary).

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/rl.py
def take_step_in_env(env: gym.Env, action: Iterable) -> tuple:
    """
    Take a step in the gym environment.
    Taking a step means performing the action provided via the arguments.

    For gym 1.0, the plan is to have a `step(...)` method which returns a
    5-elements tuple containing `observation`, `reward`, `terminated`,
    `truncated`, `info` where `terminated` is a boolean indicating whether
    or not the episode is terminated because of the actions taken within the
    environment, and `truncated` is a boolean indicating whether or not the
    episode is finished because the time limit is reached.
    However, the old (pre 1.0) gym API (and some environments which were
    written with old gym compatibility in mind) has (or have) a `step(...)`
    method which returns 4 elements: `observation`, `reward`, `done`, `info`
    where `done` is a boolean indicating whether or not the episode is
    "done", either because of termination or because of truncation.
    This function can work with both pre-1.0 and (hopefully) after-1.0
    versions of gym, and always returns the 4-element tuple as its result.

    Args:
        env: The gym environment in which the given action will be performed.
    Returns:
        A tuple in the form `(observation, reward, done, info)` where
        `observation` is the observation received after performing the action,
        `reward` is the amount of reward gained,
        `done` is a boolean value indicating whether or not the episode has
        ended, and
        `info` is additional information (usually as a dictionary).
    """
    result = env.step(action)
    if isinstance(result, tuple):
        n = len(result)
        if n == 4:
            observation, reward, done, info = result
        elif n == 5:
            observation, reward, terminated, truncated, info = result
            done = terminated or truncated
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The result of the `step(...)` method of the gym environment"
                f" was expected as a tuple of length 4 or 5."
                f" However, the received result is {repr(result)}, which is"
                f" of length {len(result)}."
            )
    else:
        raise TypeError(
            f"The result of the `step(...)` method of the gym environment"
            f" was expected as a tuple of length 4 or 5."
            f" However, the received result is {repr(result)}, which is"
            f" of type {type(result)}."
        )
    return observation, reward, done, info

runningnorm

CollectedStats (tuple)

CollectedStats(mean, stdev)

__getnewargs__(self) special

Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def __getnewargs__(self):
    'Return self as a plain tuple.  Used by copy and pickle.'
    return _tuple(self)

__new__(_cls, mean, stdev) special staticmethod

Create new instance of CollectedStats(mean, stdev)

__repr__(self) special

Return a nicely formatted representation string

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def __repr__(self):
    'Return a nicely formatted representation string'
    return self.__class__.__name__ + repr_fmt % self

ObsNormLayer (Module)

An observation normalizer which behaves as a PyTorch Module.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
class ObsNormLayer(nn.Module):
    """
    An observation normalizer which behaves as a PyTorch Module.
    """

    def __init__(
        self, mean: torch.Tensor, stdev: torch.Tensor, low: Optional[float] = None, high: Optional[float] = None
    ) -> None:
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the ObsNormLayer.

        Args:
            mean: The mean according to which the observations are to be
                normalized.
            stdev: The standard deviation according to which the observations
                are to be normalized.
            low: Optionally a real number if the result of the normalization
                is to be clipped. Represents the lower bound for the clipping
                operation.
            high: Optionally a real number if the result of the normalization
                is to be clipped. Represents the upper bound for the clipping
                operation.
        """
        super().__init__()
        self.register_buffer("_mean", mean)
        self.register_buffer("_stdev", stdev)
        self._lb = None if low is None else float(low)
        self._ub = None if high is None else float(high)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Normalize an observation or a batch of observations.

        Args:
            x: The observation(s).
        Returns:
            The normalized counterpart of the observation(s).
        """
        return _clamp((x - self._mean) / self._stdev, self._lb, self._ub)

__init__(self, mean, stdev, low=None, high=None) special

__init__(...): Initialize the ObsNormLayer.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
mean Tensor

The mean according to which the observations are to be normalized.

required
stdev Tensor

The standard deviation according to which the observations are to be normalized.

required
low Optional[float]

Optionally a real number if the result of the normalization is to be clipped. Represents the lower bound for the clipping operation.

None
high Optional[float]

Optionally a real number if the result of the normalization is to be clipped. Represents the upper bound for the clipping operation.

None
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def __init__(
    self, mean: torch.Tensor, stdev: torch.Tensor, low: Optional[float] = None, high: Optional[float] = None
) -> None:
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the ObsNormLayer.

    Args:
        mean: The mean according to which the observations are to be
            normalized.
        stdev: The standard deviation according to which the observations
            are to be normalized.
        low: Optionally a real number if the result of the normalization
            is to be clipped. Represents the lower bound for the clipping
            operation.
        high: Optionally a real number if the result of the normalization
            is to be clipped. Represents the upper bound for the clipping
            operation.
    """
    super().__init__()
    self.register_buffer("_mean", mean)
    self.register_buffer("_stdev", stdev)
    self._lb = None if low is None else float(low)
    self._ub = None if high is None else float(high)

forward(self, x)

Normalize an observation or a batch of observations.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Tensor

The observation(s).

required

Returns:

Type Description
Tensor

The normalized counterpart of the observation(s).

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Normalize an observation or a batch of observations.

    Args:
        x: The observation(s).
    Returns:
        The normalized counterpart of the observation(s).
    """
    return _clamp((x - self._mean) / self._stdev, self._lb, self._ub)

RunningNorm

An online observation normalization tool

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
class RunningNorm:
    """
    An online observation normalization tool
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        *,
        shape: Union[tuple, int],
        dtype: DType,
        device: Optional[Device] = None,
        min_variance: float = 1e-2,
        clip: Optional[tuple] = None,
    ) -> None:
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the RunningNorm

        Args:
            shape: Observation shape. Can be an integer or a tuple.
            dtype: The dtype of the observations.
            device: The device in which the observation stats are held.
                If left as None, the device is assumed to be "cpu".
            min_variance: A lower bound for the variance to be used in
                the normalization computations.
                In other words, if the computed variance according to the
                collected observations ends up lower than `min_variance`,
                this `min_variance` will be used instead (in an elementwise
                manner) while computing the normalized observations.
                As in Salimans et al. (2017), the default is 1e-2.
            clip: Can be left as None (which is the default), or can be
                given as a pair of real numbers.
                This is used for clipping the observations after the
                normalization operation.
                In Salimans et al. (2017), (-5.0, +5.0) was used.
        """

        # Make sure that the shape is stored as a torch.Size object.
        if isinstance(shape, Iterable):
            self._shape = torch.Size(shape)
        else:
            self._shape = torch.Size([int(shape)])

        # Store the number of dimensions
        self._ndim = len(self._shape)

        # Store the dtype and the device
        self._dtype = to_torch_dtype(dtype)
        self._device = "cpu" if device is None else device

        # Initialize the internally stored data as empty
        self._sum: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
        self._sum_of_squares: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
        self._count: int = 0

        # Store the minimum variance
        self._min_variance = float(min_variance)

        if clip is not None:
            # If a clip tuple was provided, store the specified lower and upper bounds
            lb, ub = clip
            self._lb = float(lb)
            self._ub = float(ub)
        else:
            # If a clip tuple was not provided the bounds are stored as None
            self._lb = None
            self._ub = None

    def to(self, device: Device) -> "RunningNorm":
        """
        If the target device is a different device, then make a copy of this
        RunningNorm instance on the target device.
        If the target device is the same with this RunningNorm's device, then
        return this RunningNorm itself.

        Args:
            device: The target device.
        Returns:
            The RunningNorm on the target device. This can be a copy, or the
            original RunningNorm instance itself.
        """
        if torch.device(device) == torch.device(self.device):
            return self
        else:
            new_running_norm = object.__new__(type(self))

            already_handled = {"_sum", "_sum_of_squares", "_device"}
            new_running_norm._sum = self._sum.to(device)
            new_running_norm._sum_of_squares = self._sum_of_squares.to(device)
            new_running_norm._device = device

            for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
                if k not in already_handled:
                    setattr(new_running_norm, k, deepcopy(v))

            return new_running_norm

    @property
    def device(self) -> Device:
        """
        The device in which the observation stats are held
        """
        return self._device

    @property
    def dtype(self) -> DType:
        """
        The dtype of the stored observation stats
        """
        return self._dtype

    @property
    def shape(self) -> tuple:
        """
        Observation shape
        """
        return self._shape

    @property
    def min_variance(self) -> float:
        """
        Minimum variance
        """
        return self._min_variance

    @property
    def low(self) -> Optional[float]:
        """
        The lower component of the bounds given in the `clip` tuple.
        If `clip` was initialized as None, this is also None.
        """
        return self._lb

    @property
    def high(self) -> Optional[float]:
        """
        The higher (upper) component of the bounds given in the `clip` tuple.
        If `clip` was initialized as None, this is also None.
        """
        return self._ub

    def _like_its_own(self, x: Iterable) -> torch.Tensor:
        return torch.as_tensor(x, dtype=self._dtype, device=self._device)

    def _verify(self, x: Iterable) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = self._like_its_own(x)
        if x.ndim == self._ndim:
            if x.shape != self._shape:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"This RunningNorm instance was initialized with shape: {self._shape}."
                    f" However, the provided tensor has an incompatible shape: {x._shape}."
                )
        elif x.ndim == (self._ndim + 1):
            if x.shape[1:] != self._shape:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"This RunningNorm instance was initialized with shape: {self._shape}."
                    f" The provided tensor is shaped {x.shape}."
                    f" Accepting the tensor's leftmost dimension as the batch size,"
                    f" the remaining shape is incompatible: {x.shape[1:]}"
                )
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"This RunningNorm instance was initialized with shape: {self._shape}."
                f" The provided tensor is shaped {x.shape}."
                f" The number of dimensions of the given tensor is incompatible."
            )
        return x

    def _has_no_data(self) -> bool:
        return (self._sum is None) and (self._sum_of_squares is None) and (self._count == 0)

    def _has_data(self) -> bool:
        return (self._sum is not None) and (self._sum_of_squares is not None) and (self._count > 0)

    def reset(self):
        """
        Remove all the collected observation data.
        """
        self._sum = None
        self._sum_of_squares = None
        self._count = 0

    @torch.no_grad()
    def update(self, x: Union[Iterable, "RunningNorm"], mask: Optional[Iterable] = None, *, verify: bool = True):
        """
        Update the stored stats with new observation data.

        Args:
            x: The new observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or any Iterable
                that can be converted to a PyTorch tensor, or another
                RunningNorm instance.
                If given as a tensor or as an Iterable, the shape of `x` can
                be the same with observation shape, or it can be augmented
                with an extra leftmost dimension.
                In the case of augmented dimension, `x` is interpreted not as
                a single observation, but as a batch of observations.
                If `x` is another RunningNorm instance, the stats stored by
                this RunningNorm instance will be updated with all the data
                stored by `x`.
            mask: Can be given as a 1-dimensional Iterable of booleans ONLY
                if `x` represents a batch of observations.
                If a `mask` is provided, the i-th observation within the
                observation batch `x` will be taken into account only if
                the i-th item of the `mask` is True.
            verify: Whether or not to verify the shape of the given Iterable
                objects. The default is True.
        """
        if isinstance(x, RunningNorm):
            # If we are to update our stats according to another RunningNorm instance

            if x._count > 0:
                # We bother only if x is non-empty

                if mask is not None:
                    # We were given another RunningNorm, not a batch of observations.
                    # So, we do not expect to receive a mask tensor.
                    # If a mask was provided, then this is an unexpected way of calling this function.
                    # We therefore raise an error.
                    raise ValueError(
                        "The `mask` argument is expected as None if the first argument is a RunningNorm."
                        " However, `mask` is found as something other than None."
                    )

                if self._shape != x._shape:
                    # If the shapes of this RunningNorm and of the other RunningNorm
                    # do not match, then we cannot use `x` for updating our stats.
                    # It might be the case that `x` was initialized for another
                    # task, with differently sized observations.
                    # We therefore raise an error.
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"The RunningNorm to be updated has the shape {self._shape}"
                        f" The other RunningNorm has the shape {self._shape}"
                        f" These shapes are incompatible."
                    )

                if self._has_no_data():
                    # If this RunningNorm has no data at all, then we clone the
                    # data of x.
                    self._sum = self._like_its_own(x._sum.clone())
                    self._sum_of_squares = self._like_its_own(x._sum_of_squares.clone())
                    self._count = x._count
                elif self._has_data():
                    # If this RunningNorm has its own data, then we update the
                    # stored data with the data stored by x.
                    self._sum += self._like_its_own(x._sum)
                    self._sum_of_squares += self._like_its_own(x._sum_of_squares)
                    self._count += x._count
                else:
                    assert False, "RunningNorm is in an invalid state! This might be a bug."
        else:
            # This is the case where the received argument x is not a
            # RunningNorm object, but an Iterable.

            if verify:
                # If we have the `verify` flag, then we make sure that
                # x is a tensor of the correct shape
                x = self._verify(x)

            if x.ndim == self._ndim:
                # If the shape of x is exactly the same with the observation shape
                # then we assume that x represents a single observation, and not a
                # batch of observations.

                if mask is not None:
                    # Since we are dealing with a single observation,
                    # we do not expect to receive a mask argument.
                    # If the mask argument was provided, then this is an unexpected
                    # usage of this function.
                    # We therefore raise an error.
                    raise ValueError(
                        "The `mask` argument is expected as None if the first argument is a single observation"
                        " (i.e. not a batch of observations, with an extra leftmost dimension)."
                        " However, `mask` is found as something other than None."
                    )

                # Since x is a single observation,
                # the sum of observations extracted from x is x itself,
                # and the sum of squared observations extracted from x is
                # the square of x itself.
                sum_of_x = x
                sum_of_x_squared = x.square()
                # We extracted a single observation from x
                n = 1
            elif x.ndim == (self._ndim + 1):
                # If the number of dimensions of x is one more than the number
                # of dimensions of this RunningNorm, then we assume that x is a batch
                # of observations.

                if mask is not None:
                    # If a mask is provided, then we first make sure that it is a tensor
                    # of dtype bool in the correct device.
                    mask = torch.as_tensor(mask, dtype=torch.bool, device=self._device)

                    if mask.ndim != 1:
                        # We expect the mask to be 1-dimensional.
                        # If not, we raise an error.
                        raise ValueError(
                            f"The `mask` tensor was expected as a 1-dimensional tensor."
                            f" However, its shape is {mask.shape}."
                        )

                    if len(mask) != x.shape[0]:
                        # If the length of the mask is not the batch size of x,
                        # then there is a mismatch.
                        # We therefore raise an error.
                        raise ValueError(
                            f"The shape of the given tensor is {x.shape}."
                            f" Therefore, the batch size of observations is {x.shape[0]}."
                            f" However, the given `mask` tensor does not has an incompatible length: {len(mask)}."
                        )

                    # We compute how many True items we have in the mask.
                    # This integer gives us how many observations we extract from x.
                    n = int(torch.sum(torch.as_tensor(mask, dtype=torch.int64, device=self._device)))

                    # We now re-cast the mask as the observation dtype (so that True items turn to 1.0
                    # and False items turn to 0.0), and then increase its number of dimensions so that
                    # it can operate directly with x.
                    mask = self._like_its_own(mask).reshape(torch.Size([x.shape[0]] + ([1] * (x.ndim - 1))))

                    # Finally, we multiply x with the mask. This means that the observations with corresponding
                    # mask values as False are zeroed out.
                    x = x * mask
                else:
                    # This is the case where we did not receive a mask.
                    # We can simply say that the number of observations to extract from x
                    # is the size of its leftmost dimension, i.e. the batch size.
                    n = x.shape[0]

                # With or without a mask, we are now ready to extract the sum and sum of squares
                # from x.
                sum_of_x = torch.sum(x, dim=0)
                sum_of_x_squared = torch.sum(x.square(), dim=0)
            else:
                # This is the case where the number of dimensions of x is unrecognized.
                # This case is actually already checked by the _verify(...) method earlier.
                # This defensive fallback case is only for when verify=False and it turned out
                # that the ndim is invalid.
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid shape: {x.shape}")

            # At this point, we handled all the valid cases regarding the Iterable x,
            # and we have our sum_of_x (sum of all observations), sum_of_squares
            # (sum of all squared observations), and n (number of observations extracted
            # from x).

            if self._has_no_data():
                # If our RunningNorm is empty, the observation data we extracted from x
                # become our RunningNorm's new data.
                self._sum = sum_of_x
                self._sum_of_squares = sum_of_x_squared
                self._count = n
            elif self._has_data():
                # If our RunningNorm is not empty, the stored data is updated with the
                # data extracted from x.
                self._sum += sum_of_x
                self._sum_of_squares += sum_of_x_squared
                self._count += n
            else:
                # This is an erroneous state where the internal data looks neither
                # existent nor completely empty.
                # This might be the result of a bug, or maybe this instance's
                # protected variables were tempered with from the outside.
                assert False, "RunningNorm is in an invalid state! This might be a bug."

    @property
    @torch.no_grad()
    def stats(self) -> CollectedStats:
        """
        The collected data's mean and standard deviation (stdev) in a tuple
        """

        # Using the internally stored sum, sum_of_squares, and count,
        # compute E[x] and E[x^2]
        E_x = self._sum / self._count
        E_x2 = self._sum_of_squares / self._count

        # The mean is E[x]
        mean = E_x

        # The variance is E[x^2] - (E[x])^2, elementwise clipped such that
        # it cannot go below min_variance
        variance = _clamp(E_x2 - E_x.square(), self._min_variance, None)

        # Standard deviation is finally computed as the square root of the variance
        stdev = torch.sqrt(variance)

        # Return the stats in a named tuple
        return CollectedStats(mean=mean, stdev=stdev)

    @property
    def mean(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        The collected data's mean
        """
        return self._sum / self._count

    @property
    def stdev(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        The collected data's standard deviation
        """
        return self.stats.stdev

    @property
    def sum(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        The collected data's sum
        """
        return self._sum

    @property
    def sum_of_squares(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Sum of squares of the collected data
        """
        return self._sum_of_squares

    @property
    def count(self) -> int:
        """
        Number of observations encountered
        """
        return self._count

    @torch.no_grad()
    def normalize(self, x: Iterable, *, result_as_numpy: Optional[bool] = None, verify: bool = True) -> Iterable:
        """
        Normalize the given observation x.

        Args:
            x: The observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or any Iterable
                that is convertable to a PyTorch tensor.
                `x` can be a single observation, or it can be a batch
                of observations (with an extra leftmost dimension).
            result_as_numpy: Whether or not to return the normalized
                observation as a numpy array.
                If left as None (which is the default), then the returned
                type depends on x: a PyTorch tensor is returned if x is a
                PyTorch tensor, and a numpy array is returned otherwise.
                If True, the result is always a numpy array.
                If False, the result is always a PyTorch tensor.
            verify: Whether or not to check the type and dimensions of x.
                This is True by default.
                Note that, if `verify` is False, this function will not
                properly check the type of `x` and will assume that `x`
                is a PyTorch tensor.
        Returns:
            The normalized observation, as a PyTorch tensor or a numpy array.
        """

        if self._count == 0:
            # If this RunningNorm instance has no data yet,
            # then we do not know how to do the normalization.
            # We therefore raise an error.
            raise ValueError("Cannot do normalization because no data is collected yet.")

        if verify:
            # Here we verify the type and shape of x.

            if result_as_numpy is None:
                # If there is not an explicit request about the return type,
                # we infer the return type from the type of x:
                # if x is a tensor, we return a tensor;
                # otherwise, we assume x to be a CPU-bound iterable, and
                # therefore we return a numpy array.
                result_as_numpy = not isinstance(x, torch.Tensor)
            else:
                result_as_numpy = bool(result_as_numpy)

            # We call _verify() to make sure that x is of correct shape
            # and is properly converted to a PyTorch tensor.
            x = self._verify(x)

        # We get the mean and stdev of the collected data
        mean, stdev = self.stats

        # Now we compute the normalized observation, clipped according to the
        # lower and upper bounds expressed by the `clip` tuple, if exists.
        result = _clamp((x - mean) / stdev, self._lb, self._ub)

        if result_as_numpy:
            # If we are to return the result as a numpy array, we do the
            # necessary conversion.
            result = result.cpu().numpy()

        # Finally, return the result
        return result

    @torch.no_grad()
    def update_and_normalize(self, x: Iterable, mask: Optional[Iterable] = None) -> Iterable:
        """
        Update the observation stats according to x, then normalize x.

        Args:
            x: The observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or as an Iterable
                which can be converted to a PyTorch tensor.
                The shape of x can be the same with the observaiton shape,
                or it can be augmented with an extra leftmost dimension
                to express a batch of observations.
            mask: Can be given as a 1-dimensional Iterable of booleans ONLY
                if `x` represents a batch of observations.
                If a `mask` is provided, the i-th observation within the
                observation batch `x` will be taken into account only if
                the the i-th item of the `mask` is True.
        Returns:
            The normalized counterpart of the observation(s) expressed by x.
        """
        result_as_numpy = not isinstance(x, torch.Tensor)
        x = self._verify(x)

        self.update(x, mask, verify=False)
        result = self.normalize(x, verify=False)

        if result_as_numpy:
            result = result.cpu().numpy()

        return result

    def to_layer(self) -> "ObsNormLayer":
        """
        Make a PyTorch module which normalizes the its inputs.

        Returns:
            An ObsNormLayer instance.
        """
        mean, stdev = self.stats
        low = self.low
        high = self.high
        return ObsNormLayer(mean=mean, stdev=stdev, low=low, high=high)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}, count: {self.count}>"

    def __copy__(self) -> "RunningNorm":
        return deepcopy(self)

count: int property readonly

Number of observations encountered

device: Union[str, torch.device] property readonly

The device in which the observation stats are held

dtype: Union[str, torch.dtype, numpy.dtype, Type] property readonly

The dtype of the stored observation stats

high: Optional[float] property readonly

The higher (upper) component of the bounds given in the clip tuple. If clip was initialized as None, this is also None.

low: Optional[float] property readonly

The lower component of the bounds given in the clip tuple. If clip was initialized as None, this is also None.

mean: Tensor property readonly

The collected data's mean

min_variance: float property readonly

Minimum variance

shape: tuple property readonly

Observation shape

stats: CollectedStats property readonly

The collected data's mean and standard deviation (stdev) in a tuple

stdev: Tensor property readonly

The collected data's standard deviation

sum: Tensor property readonly

The collected data's sum

sum_of_squares: Tensor property readonly

Sum of squares of the collected data

__init__(self, *, shape, dtype, device=None, min_variance=0.01, clip=None) special

__init__(...): Initialize the RunningNorm

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
shape Union[tuple, int]

Observation shape. Can be an integer or a tuple.

required
dtype Union[str, torch.dtype, numpy.dtype, Type]

The dtype of the observations.

required
device Union[str, torch.device]

The device in which the observation stats are held. If left as None, the device is assumed to be "cpu".

None
min_variance float

A lower bound for the variance to be used in the normalization computations. In other words, if the computed variance according to the collected observations ends up lower than min_variance, this min_variance will be used instead (in an elementwise manner) while computing the normalized observations. As in Salimans et al. (2017), the default is 1e-2.

0.01
clip Optional[tuple]

Can be left as None (which is the default), or can be given as a pair of real numbers. This is used for clipping the observations after the normalization operation. In Salimans et al. (2017), (-5.0, +5.0) was used.

None
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def __init__(
    self,
    *,
    shape: Union[tuple, int],
    dtype: DType,
    device: Optional[Device] = None,
    min_variance: float = 1e-2,
    clip: Optional[tuple] = None,
) -> None:
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the RunningNorm

    Args:
        shape: Observation shape. Can be an integer or a tuple.
        dtype: The dtype of the observations.
        device: The device in which the observation stats are held.
            If left as None, the device is assumed to be "cpu".
        min_variance: A lower bound for the variance to be used in
            the normalization computations.
            In other words, if the computed variance according to the
            collected observations ends up lower than `min_variance`,
            this `min_variance` will be used instead (in an elementwise
            manner) while computing the normalized observations.
            As in Salimans et al. (2017), the default is 1e-2.
        clip: Can be left as None (which is the default), or can be
            given as a pair of real numbers.
            This is used for clipping the observations after the
            normalization operation.
            In Salimans et al. (2017), (-5.0, +5.0) was used.
    """

    # Make sure that the shape is stored as a torch.Size object.
    if isinstance(shape, Iterable):
        self._shape = torch.Size(shape)
    else:
        self._shape = torch.Size([int(shape)])

    # Store the number of dimensions
    self._ndim = len(self._shape)

    # Store the dtype and the device
    self._dtype = to_torch_dtype(dtype)
    self._device = "cpu" if device is None else device

    # Initialize the internally stored data as empty
    self._sum: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    self._sum_of_squares: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    self._count: int = 0

    # Store the minimum variance
    self._min_variance = float(min_variance)

    if clip is not None:
        # If a clip tuple was provided, store the specified lower and upper bounds
        lb, ub = clip
        self._lb = float(lb)
        self._ub = float(ub)
    else:
        # If a clip tuple was not provided the bounds are stored as None
        self._lb = None
        self._ub = None

normalize(self, x, *, result_as_numpy=None, verify=True)

Normalize the given observation x.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Iterable

The observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or any Iterable that is convertable to a PyTorch tensor. x can be a single observation, or it can be a batch of observations (with an extra leftmost dimension).

required
result_as_numpy Optional[bool]

Whether or not to return the normalized observation as a numpy array. If left as None (which is the default), then the returned type depends on x: a PyTorch tensor is returned if x is a PyTorch tensor, and a numpy array is returned otherwise. If True, the result is always a numpy array. If False, the result is always a PyTorch tensor.

None
verify bool

Whether or not to check the type and dimensions of x. This is True by default. Note that, if verify is False, this function will not properly check the type of x and will assume that x is a PyTorch tensor.

True

Returns:

Type Description
Iterable

The normalized observation, as a PyTorch tensor or a numpy array.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
@torch.no_grad()
def normalize(self, x: Iterable, *, result_as_numpy: Optional[bool] = None, verify: bool = True) -> Iterable:
    """
    Normalize the given observation x.

    Args:
        x: The observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or any Iterable
            that is convertable to a PyTorch tensor.
            `x` can be a single observation, or it can be a batch
            of observations (with an extra leftmost dimension).
        result_as_numpy: Whether or not to return the normalized
            observation as a numpy array.
            If left as None (which is the default), then the returned
            type depends on x: a PyTorch tensor is returned if x is a
            PyTorch tensor, and a numpy array is returned otherwise.
            If True, the result is always a numpy array.
            If False, the result is always a PyTorch tensor.
        verify: Whether or not to check the type and dimensions of x.
            This is True by default.
            Note that, if `verify` is False, this function will not
            properly check the type of `x` and will assume that `x`
            is a PyTorch tensor.
    Returns:
        The normalized observation, as a PyTorch tensor or a numpy array.
    """

    if self._count == 0:
        # If this RunningNorm instance has no data yet,
        # then we do not know how to do the normalization.
        # We therefore raise an error.
        raise ValueError("Cannot do normalization because no data is collected yet.")

    if verify:
        # Here we verify the type and shape of x.

        if result_as_numpy is None:
            # If there is not an explicit request about the return type,
            # we infer the return type from the type of x:
            # if x is a tensor, we return a tensor;
            # otherwise, we assume x to be a CPU-bound iterable, and
            # therefore we return a numpy array.
            result_as_numpy = not isinstance(x, torch.Tensor)
        else:
            result_as_numpy = bool(result_as_numpy)

        # We call _verify() to make sure that x is of correct shape
        # and is properly converted to a PyTorch tensor.
        x = self._verify(x)

    # We get the mean and stdev of the collected data
    mean, stdev = self.stats

    # Now we compute the normalized observation, clipped according to the
    # lower and upper bounds expressed by the `clip` tuple, if exists.
    result = _clamp((x - mean) / stdev, self._lb, self._ub)

    if result_as_numpy:
        # If we are to return the result as a numpy array, we do the
        # necessary conversion.
        result = result.cpu().numpy()

    # Finally, return the result
    return result

reset(self)

Remove all the collected observation data.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def reset(self):
    """
    Remove all the collected observation data.
    """
    self._sum = None
    self._sum_of_squares = None
    self._count = 0

to(self, device)

If the target device is a different device, then make a copy of this RunningNorm instance on the target device. If the target device is the same with this RunningNorm's device, then return this RunningNorm itself.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
device Union[str, torch.device]

The target device.

required

Returns:

Type Description
RunningNorm

The RunningNorm on the target device. This can be a copy, or the original RunningNorm instance itself.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def to(self, device: Device) -> "RunningNorm":
    """
    If the target device is a different device, then make a copy of this
    RunningNorm instance on the target device.
    If the target device is the same with this RunningNorm's device, then
    return this RunningNorm itself.

    Args:
        device: The target device.
    Returns:
        The RunningNorm on the target device. This can be a copy, or the
        original RunningNorm instance itself.
    """
    if torch.device(device) == torch.device(self.device):
        return self
    else:
        new_running_norm = object.__new__(type(self))

        already_handled = {"_sum", "_sum_of_squares", "_device"}
        new_running_norm._sum = self._sum.to(device)
        new_running_norm._sum_of_squares = self._sum_of_squares.to(device)
        new_running_norm._device = device

        for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
            if k not in already_handled:
                setattr(new_running_norm, k, deepcopy(v))

        return new_running_norm

to_layer(self)

Make a PyTorch module which normalizes the its inputs.

Returns:

Type Description
ObsNormLayer

An ObsNormLayer instance.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
def to_layer(self) -> "ObsNormLayer":
    """
    Make a PyTorch module which normalizes the its inputs.

    Returns:
        An ObsNormLayer instance.
    """
    mean, stdev = self.stats
    low = self.low
    high = self.high
    return ObsNormLayer(mean=mean, stdev=stdev, low=low, high=high)

update(self, x, mask=None, *, verify=True)

Update the stored stats with new observation data.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Union[Iterable, RunningNorm]

The new observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or any Iterable that can be converted to a PyTorch tensor, or another RunningNorm instance. If given as a tensor or as an Iterable, the shape of x can be the same with observation shape, or it can be augmented with an extra leftmost dimension. In the case of augmented dimension, x is interpreted not as a single observation, but as a batch of observations. If x is another RunningNorm instance, the stats stored by this RunningNorm instance will be updated with all the data stored by x.

required
mask Optional[Iterable]

Can be given as a 1-dimensional Iterable of booleans ONLY if x represents a batch of observations. If a mask is provided, the i-th observation within the observation batch x will be taken into account only if the i-th item of the mask is True.

None
verify bool

Whether or not to verify the shape of the given Iterable objects. The default is True.

True
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
@torch.no_grad()
def update(self, x: Union[Iterable, "RunningNorm"], mask: Optional[Iterable] = None, *, verify: bool = True):
    """
    Update the stored stats with new observation data.

    Args:
        x: The new observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or any Iterable
            that can be converted to a PyTorch tensor, or another
            RunningNorm instance.
            If given as a tensor or as an Iterable, the shape of `x` can
            be the same with observation shape, or it can be augmented
            with an extra leftmost dimension.
            In the case of augmented dimension, `x` is interpreted not as
            a single observation, but as a batch of observations.
            If `x` is another RunningNorm instance, the stats stored by
            this RunningNorm instance will be updated with all the data
            stored by `x`.
        mask: Can be given as a 1-dimensional Iterable of booleans ONLY
            if `x` represents a batch of observations.
            If a `mask` is provided, the i-th observation within the
            observation batch `x` will be taken into account only if
            the i-th item of the `mask` is True.
        verify: Whether or not to verify the shape of the given Iterable
            objects. The default is True.
    """
    if isinstance(x, RunningNorm):
        # If we are to update our stats according to another RunningNorm instance

        if x._count > 0:
            # We bother only if x is non-empty

            if mask is not None:
                # We were given another RunningNorm, not a batch of observations.
                # So, we do not expect to receive a mask tensor.
                # If a mask was provided, then this is an unexpected way of calling this function.
                # We therefore raise an error.
                raise ValueError(
                    "The `mask` argument is expected as None if the first argument is a RunningNorm."
                    " However, `mask` is found as something other than None."
                )

            if self._shape != x._shape:
                # If the shapes of this RunningNorm and of the other RunningNorm
                # do not match, then we cannot use `x` for updating our stats.
                # It might be the case that `x` was initialized for another
                # task, with differently sized observations.
                # We therefore raise an error.
                raise ValueError(
                    f"The RunningNorm to be updated has the shape {self._shape}"
                    f" The other RunningNorm has the shape {self._shape}"
                    f" These shapes are incompatible."
                )

            if self._has_no_data():
                # If this RunningNorm has no data at all, then we clone the
                # data of x.
                self._sum = self._like_its_own(x._sum.clone())
                self._sum_of_squares = self._like_its_own(x._sum_of_squares.clone())
                self._count = x._count
            elif self._has_data():
                # If this RunningNorm has its own data, then we update the
                # stored data with the data stored by x.
                self._sum += self._like_its_own(x._sum)
                self._sum_of_squares += self._like_its_own(x._sum_of_squares)
                self._count += x._count
            else:
                assert False, "RunningNorm is in an invalid state! This might be a bug."
    else:
        # This is the case where the received argument x is not a
        # RunningNorm object, but an Iterable.

        if verify:
            # If we have the `verify` flag, then we make sure that
            # x is a tensor of the correct shape
            x = self._verify(x)

        if x.ndim == self._ndim:
            # If the shape of x is exactly the same with the observation shape
            # then we assume that x represents a single observation, and not a
            # batch of observations.

            if mask is not None:
                # Since we are dealing with a single observation,
                # we do not expect to receive a mask argument.
                # If the mask argument was provided, then this is an unexpected
                # usage of this function.
                # We therefore raise an error.
                raise ValueError(
                    "The `mask` argument is expected as None if the first argument is a single observation"
                    " (i.e. not a batch of observations, with an extra leftmost dimension)."
                    " However, `mask` is found as something other than None."
                )

            # Since x is a single observation,
            # the sum of observations extracted from x is x itself,
            # and the sum of squared observations extracted from x is
            # the square of x itself.
            sum_of_x = x
            sum_of_x_squared = x.square()
            # We extracted a single observation from x
            n = 1
        elif x.ndim == (self._ndim + 1):
            # If the number of dimensions of x is one more than the number
            # of dimensions of this RunningNorm, then we assume that x is a batch
            # of observations.

            if mask is not None:
                # If a mask is provided, then we first make sure that it is a tensor
                # of dtype bool in the correct device.
                mask = torch.as_tensor(mask, dtype=torch.bool, device=self._device)

                if mask.ndim != 1:
                    # We expect the mask to be 1-dimensional.
                    # If not, we raise an error.
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"The `mask` tensor was expected as a 1-dimensional tensor."
                        f" However, its shape is {mask.shape}."
                    )

                if len(mask) != x.shape[0]:
                    # If the length of the mask is not the batch size of x,
                    # then there is a mismatch.
                    # We therefore raise an error.
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"The shape of the given tensor is {x.shape}."
                        f" Therefore, the batch size of observations is {x.shape[0]}."
                        f" However, the given `mask` tensor does not has an incompatible length: {len(mask)}."
                    )

                # We compute how many True items we have in the mask.
                # This integer gives us how many observations we extract from x.
                n = int(torch.sum(torch.as_tensor(mask, dtype=torch.int64, device=self._device)))

                # We now re-cast the mask as the observation dtype (so that True items turn to 1.0
                # and False items turn to 0.0), and then increase its number of dimensions so that
                # it can operate directly with x.
                mask = self._like_its_own(mask).reshape(torch.Size([x.shape[0]] + ([1] * (x.ndim - 1))))

                # Finally, we multiply x with the mask. This means that the observations with corresponding
                # mask values as False are zeroed out.
                x = x * mask
            else:
                # This is the case where we did not receive a mask.
                # We can simply say that the number of observations to extract from x
                # is the size of its leftmost dimension, i.e. the batch size.
                n = x.shape[0]

            # With or without a mask, we are now ready to extract the sum and sum of squares
            # from x.
            sum_of_x = torch.sum(x, dim=0)
            sum_of_x_squared = torch.sum(x.square(), dim=0)
        else:
            # This is the case where the number of dimensions of x is unrecognized.
            # This case is actually already checked by the _verify(...) method earlier.
            # This defensive fallback case is only for when verify=False and it turned out
            # that the ndim is invalid.
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid shape: {x.shape}")

        # At this point, we handled all the valid cases regarding the Iterable x,
        # and we have our sum_of_x (sum of all observations), sum_of_squares
        # (sum of all squared observations), and n (number of observations extracted
        # from x).

        if self._has_no_data():
            # If our RunningNorm is empty, the observation data we extracted from x
            # become our RunningNorm's new data.
            self._sum = sum_of_x
            self._sum_of_squares = sum_of_x_squared
            self._count = n
        elif self._has_data():
            # If our RunningNorm is not empty, the stored data is updated with the
            # data extracted from x.
            self._sum += sum_of_x
            self._sum_of_squares += sum_of_x_squared
            self._count += n
        else:
            # This is an erroneous state where the internal data looks neither
            # existent nor completely empty.
            # This might be the result of a bug, or maybe this instance's
            # protected variables were tempered with from the outside.
            assert False, "RunningNorm is in an invalid state! This might be a bug."

update_and_normalize(self, x, mask=None)

Update the observation stats according to x, then normalize x.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Iterable

The observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or as an Iterable which can be converted to a PyTorch tensor. The shape of x can be the same with the observaiton shape, or it can be augmented with an extra leftmost dimension to express a batch of observations.

required
mask Optional[Iterable]

Can be given as a 1-dimensional Iterable of booleans ONLY if x represents a batch of observations. If a mask is provided, the i-th observation within the observation batch x will be taken into account only if the the i-th item of the mask is True.

None

Returns:

Type Description
Iterable

The normalized counterpart of the observation(s) expressed by x.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningnorm.py
@torch.no_grad()
def update_and_normalize(self, x: Iterable, mask: Optional[Iterable] = None) -> Iterable:
    """
    Update the observation stats according to x, then normalize x.

    Args:
        x: The observation(s), as a PyTorch tensor, or as an Iterable
            which can be converted to a PyTorch tensor.
            The shape of x can be the same with the observaiton shape,
            or it can be augmented with an extra leftmost dimension
            to express a batch of observations.
        mask: Can be given as a 1-dimensional Iterable of booleans ONLY
            if `x` represents a batch of observations.
            If a `mask` is provided, the i-th observation within the
            observation batch `x` will be taken into account only if
            the the i-th item of the `mask` is True.
    Returns:
        The normalized counterpart of the observation(s) expressed by x.
    """
    result_as_numpy = not isinstance(x, torch.Tensor)
    x = self._verify(x)

    self.update(x, mask, verify=False)
    result = self.normalize(x, verify=False)

    if result_as_numpy:
        result = result.cpu().numpy()

    return result

runningstat

RunningStat

Tool for efficiently computing the mean and stdev of arrays. The arrays themselves are not stored separately, instead, they are accumulated.

This RunningStat is implemented as a wrapper around RunningNorm. The difference is that the interface of RunningStat is simplified to expect only numpy arrays, and expect only non-vectorized observations. With this simplified interface, RunningStat is meant to be used by GymNE, on classical non-vectorized gym tasks.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningstat.py
class RunningStat:
    """
    Tool for efficiently computing the mean and stdev of arrays.
    The arrays themselves are not stored separately,
    instead, they are accumulated.

    This RunningStat is implemented as a wrapper around RunningNorm.
    The difference is that the interface of RunningStat is simplified
    to expect only numpy arrays, and expect only non-vectorized
    observations.
    With this simplified interface, RunningStat is meant to be used
    by GymNE, on classical non-vectorized gym tasks.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the RunningStat.
        """
        self._rn: Optional[RunningNorm] = None
        self.reset()

    def reset(self):
        """
        Reset the RunningStat to its initial state.
        """
        self._rn = None

    @property
    def count(self) -> int:
        """
        Get the number of arrays accumulated.
        """
        if self._rn is None:
            return 0
        else:
            return self._rn.count

    @property
    def sum(self) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Get the sum of all accumulated arrays.
        """
        return self._rn.sum.numpy()

    @property
    def sum_of_squares(self) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Get the sum of squares of all accumulated arrays.
        """
        return self._rn.sum_of_squares.numpy()

    @property
    def mean(self) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Get the mean of all accumulated arrays.
        """
        return self._rn.mean.numpy()

    @property
    def stdev(self) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Get the standard deviation of all accumulated arrays.
        """
        return self._rn.stdev.numpy()

    def update(self, x: Union[np.ndarray, "RunningStat"]):
        """
        Accumulate more data into the RunningStat object.
        If the argument is an array, that array is added
        as one more data element.
        If the argument is another RunningStat instance,
        all the stats accumulated by that RunningStat object
        are added into this RunningStat object.
        """
        if isinstance(x, RunningStat):
            if x.count > 0:
                if self._rn is None:
                    self._rn = deepcopy(x._rn)
                else:
                    self._rn.update(x._rn)
        else:
            if self._rn is None:
                x = np.array(x, dtype="float32")
                self._rn = RunningNorm(shape=x.shape, dtype="float32", device="cpu")
            self._rn.update(x)

    def normalize(self, x: Union[np.ndarray, list]) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Normalize the array x according to the accumulated stats.
        """
        if self._rn is None:
            return x
        else:
            x = np.array(x, dtype="float32")
            return self._rn.normalize(x)

    def __copy__(self):
        return deepcopy(self)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}, count: {self.count}>"

    def to(self, device: Union[str, torch.device]) -> "RunningStat":
        """
        If the target device is cpu, return this RunningStat instance itself.
        A RunningStat object is meant to work with numpy arrays. Therefore,
        any device other than the cpu will trigger an error.

        Args:
            device: The target device. Only cpu is supported.
        Returns:
            The original RunningStat.
        """
        if torch.device(device) == torch.device("cpu"):
            return self
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The received target device is {repr(device)}. However, RunningStat can only work on a cpu."
            )

    def to_layer(self) -> nn.Module:
        """
        Make a PyTorch module which normalizes the its inputs.

        Returns:
            An ObsNormLayer instance.
        """
        return self._rn.to_layer()

count: int property readonly

Get the number of arrays accumulated.

mean: ndarray property readonly

Get the mean of all accumulated arrays.

stdev: ndarray property readonly

Get the standard deviation of all accumulated arrays.

sum: ndarray property readonly

Get the sum of all accumulated arrays.

sum_of_squares: ndarray property readonly

Get the sum of squares of all accumulated arrays.

__init__(self) special

__init__(...): Initialize the RunningStat.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningstat.py
def __init__(self):
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the RunningStat.
    """
    self._rn: Optional[RunningNorm] = None
    self.reset()

normalize(self, x)

Normalize the array x according to the accumulated stats.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningstat.py
def normalize(self, x: Union[np.ndarray, list]) -> np.ndarray:
    """
    Normalize the array x according to the accumulated stats.
    """
    if self._rn is None:
        return x
    else:
        x = np.array(x, dtype="float32")
        return self._rn.normalize(x)

reset(self)

Reset the RunningStat to its initial state.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningstat.py
def reset(self):
    """
    Reset the RunningStat to its initial state.
    """
    self._rn = None

to(self, device)

If the target device is cpu, return this RunningStat instance itself. A RunningStat object is meant to work with numpy arrays. Therefore, any device other than the cpu will trigger an error.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
device Union[str, torch.device]

The target device. Only cpu is supported.

required

Returns:

Type Description
RunningStat

The original RunningStat.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningstat.py
def to(self, device: Union[str, torch.device]) -> "RunningStat":
    """
    If the target device is cpu, return this RunningStat instance itself.
    A RunningStat object is meant to work with numpy arrays. Therefore,
    any device other than the cpu will trigger an error.

    Args:
        device: The target device. Only cpu is supported.
    Returns:
        The original RunningStat.
    """
    if torch.device(device) == torch.device("cpu"):
        return self
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            f"The received target device is {repr(device)}. However, RunningStat can only work on a cpu."
        )

to_layer(self)

Make a PyTorch module which normalizes the its inputs.

Returns:

Type Description
Module

An ObsNormLayer instance.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningstat.py
def to_layer(self) -> nn.Module:
    """
    Make a PyTorch module which normalizes the its inputs.

    Returns:
        An ObsNormLayer instance.
    """
    return self._rn.to_layer()

update(self, x)

Accumulate more data into the RunningStat object. If the argument is an array, that array is added as one more data element. If the argument is another RunningStat instance, all the stats accumulated by that RunningStat object are added into this RunningStat object.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/runningstat.py
def update(self, x: Union[np.ndarray, "RunningStat"]):
    """
    Accumulate more data into the RunningStat object.
    If the argument is an array, that array is added
    as one more data element.
    If the argument is another RunningStat instance,
    all the stats accumulated by that RunningStat object
    are added into this RunningStat object.
    """
    if isinstance(x, RunningStat):
        if x.count > 0:
            if self._rn is None:
                self._rn = deepcopy(x._rn)
            else:
                self._rn.update(x._rn)
    else:
        if self._rn is None:
            x = np.array(x, dtype="float32")
            self._rn = RunningNorm(shape=x.shape, dtype="float32", device="cpu")
        self._rn.update(x)

statefulmodule

StatefulModule (Module)

A wrapper that provides a stateful interface for recurrent torch modules.

If the torch module to be wrapped is non-recurrent and its forward method has a single input (the input tensor) and a single output (the output tensor), then this wrapper module acts as a no-op wrapper.

If the torch module to be wrapped is recurrent and its forward method has two inputs (the input tensor and an optional second argument for the hidden state) and two outputs (the output tensor and the new hidden state), then this wrapper brings a new forward-passing interface. In this new interface, the forward method has a single input (the input tensor) and a single output (the output tensor). The hidden states, instead of being explicitly requested via a second argument and returned as a second result, are stored and used by the wrapper. When a new series of inputs is to be used, one has to call the reset() method of this wrapper.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/statefulmodule.py
class StatefulModule(nn.Module):
    """
    A wrapper that provides a stateful interface for recurrent torch modules.

    If the torch module to be wrapped is non-recurrent and its forward method
    has a single input (the input tensor) and a single output (the output
    tensor), then this wrapper module acts as a no-op wrapper.

    If the torch module to be wrapped is recurrent and its forward method has
    two inputs (the input tensor and an optional second argument for the hidden
    state) and two outputs (the output tensor and the new hidden state), then
    this wrapper brings a new forward-passing interface. In this new interface,
    the forward method has a single input (the input tensor) and a single
    output (the output tensor). The hidden states, instead of being
    explicitly requested via a second argument and returned as a second
    result, are stored and used by the wrapper.
    When a new series of inputs is to be used, one has to call the `reset()`
    method of this wrapper.
    """

    def __init__(self, wrapped_module: nn.Module):
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the StatefulModule.

        Args:
            wrapped_module: The `torch.nn.Module` instance to wrap.
        """
        super().__init__()

        # Declare the variable that will store the hidden state of wrapped_module, if any.
        self._hidden: Any = None

        # Store the module that is wrapped.
        self.wrapped_module = wrapped_module

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        if self._hidden is None:
            # If there is no stored hidden state, then only pass the input tensor to the wrapped module.
            out = self.wrapped_module(x)
        else:
            # If there is a hidden state saved from the previous call to this `forward(...)` method, then pass the
            # input tensor and this stored hidden state.
            out = self.wrapped_module(x, self._hidden)

        if isinstance(out, tuple):
            # If the result of the wrapped module is a tuple, then we assume that the wrapped module returned an
            # output tensor and a hidden state. We assume the first element of this tuple as the output tensor,
            # and the second element as the new hidden state.
            # We set the variable y to the output tensor, and we store the new hidden state via the attribute
            # `_hidden`.
            y, self._hidden = out
        else:
            # If the result of the wrapped module is not a tuple, then we assume that the wrapped module returned
            # only the output tensor. We set the variable y to the output tensor, and set the attribute `_hidden`
            # as None to indicate that there was no hidden state received.
            y = out
            self._hidden = None

        # We return y, which stores the output received by the wrapped module.
        return y

    def reset(self):
        """
        Reset the hidden state, if any.
        """
        self._hidden = None

__init__(self, wrapped_module) special

__init__(...): Initialize the StatefulModule.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
wrapped_module Module

The torch.nn.Module instance to wrap.

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/statefulmodule.py
def __init__(self, wrapped_module: nn.Module):
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the StatefulModule.

    Args:
        wrapped_module: The `torch.nn.Module` instance to wrap.
    """
    super().__init__()

    # Declare the variable that will store the hidden state of wrapped_module, if any.
    self._hidden: Any = None

    # Store the module that is wrapped.
    self.wrapped_module = wrapped_module

forward(self, x)

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

.. note:: Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the :class:Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/statefulmodule.py
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    if self._hidden is None:
        # If there is no stored hidden state, then only pass the input tensor to the wrapped module.
        out = self.wrapped_module(x)
    else:
        # If there is a hidden state saved from the previous call to this `forward(...)` method, then pass the
        # input tensor and this stored hidden state.
        out = self.wrapped_module(x, self._hidden)

    if isinstance(out, tuple):
        # If the result of the wrapped module is a tuple, then we assume that the wrapped module returned an
        # output tensor and a hidden state. We assume the first element of this tuple as the output tensor,
        # and the second element as the new hidden state.
        # We set the variable y to the output tensor, and we store the new hidden state via the attribute
        # `_hidden`.
        y, self._hidden = out
    else:
        # If the result of the wrapped module is not a tuple, then we assume that the wrapped module returned
        # only the output tensor. We set the variable y to the output tensor, and set the attribute `_hidden`
        # as None to indicate that there was no hidden state received.
        y = out
        self._hidden = None

    # We return y, which stores the output received by the wrapped module.
    return y

reset(self)

Reset the hidden state, if any.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/statefulmodule.py
def reset(self):
    """
    Reset the hidden state, if any.
    """
    self._hidden = None

ensure_stateful(net)

Ensure that a module is wrapped by StatefulModule.

If the given module is already wrapped by StatefulModule, then the module itself is returned. If the given module is not wrapped by StatefulModule, then this function first wraps the module via a new StatefulModule instance, and then this new wrapper is returned.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
net Module

The torch.nn.Module to be wrapped by StatefulModule (if it is not already wrapped by it).

required

Returns:

Type Description

The module net, wrapped by StatefulModule.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/statefulmodule.py
def ensure_stateful(net: nn.Module):
    """
    Ensure that a module is wrapped by StatefulModule.

    If the given module is already wrapped by StatefulModule, then the
    module itself is returned.
    If the given module is not wrapped by StatefulModule, then this function
    first wraps the module via a new StatefulModule instance, and then this
    new wrapper is returned.

    Args:
        net: The `torch.nn.Module` to be wrapped by StatefulModule (if it is
            not already wrapped by it).
    Returns:
        The module `net`, wrapped by StatefulModule.
    """
    if not isinstance(net, StatefulModule):
        return StatefulModule(net)

vecrl

This namespace provides various vectorized reinforcement learning utilities.

Policy

A Policy for deciding the actions for a reinforcement learning environment.

This can be seen as a stateful wrapper around a PyTorch module.

Let us assume that we have the following PyTorch module:

from torch import nn

net = nn.Linear(5, 8)

which has 48 parameters (when all the parameters are flattened). Let us randomly generate a parameter vector for our module net:

parameters = torch.randn(48)

We can now prepare a policy:

policy = Policy(net)
policy.set_parameters(parameters)

If we generate a random observation:

observation = torch.randn(5)

We can receive our action as follows:

action = policy(observation)

If the PyTorch module that we wish to wrap is a recurrent network (i.e. a network which expects an optional second argument for the hidden state, and returns a second value which represents the updated hidden state), then, the hidden state is automatically managed by the Policy instance.

Let us assume that we have a recurrent network named recnet.

policy = Policy(recnet)
policy.set_parameters(parameters_of_recnet)

In this case, because the hidden state of the network is internally managed, the usage is still the same with our previous non-recurrent

Examples:

action = policy(observation)

When using a recurrent module on multiple episodes, it is important to reset the hidden state of the network. This is achieved by the reset method:

policy.reset()
action1 = policy(observation1)

# action2 will be computed with the hidden state generated by the
# previous forward-pass.
action2 = policy(observation2)

policy.reset()

# action3 will be computed according to the renewed hidden state.
action3 = policy(observation3)

Both for non-recurrent and recurrent networks, it is possible to perform vectorized operations. For now, let us return to our first non-recurrent example:

net = nn.Linear(5, 8)

Instead of generating only one parameter vector, we now generate a batch of parameter vectors. Let us say that our batch size is 10:

batch_of_parameters = torch.randn(10, 48)

Like we did in the non-batched examples, we can do:

policy = Policy(net)
policy.set_parameters(batch_of_parameters)

Because we are now in the batched mode, policy now expects a batch of observations and will return a batch of actions:

batch_of_observations = torch.randn(10, 5)
batch_of_actions = policy(batch_of_observations)

When doing vectorized reinforcement learning with a recurrent module, it can be the case that only some of the environments are finished, and therefore it is necessary to reset the hidden states associated with those environments only. The reset(...) method of Policy has a second argument to specify which of the recurrent network instances are to be reset. For example, if the episodes of the environments with indices 2 and 5 are about to restart (and therefore we wish to reset the states of the networks with indices 2 and 5), then, we can do:

policy.reset(torch.tensor([2, 5]))
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
class Policy:
    """
    A Policy for deciding the actions for a reinforcement learning environment.

    This can be seen as a stateful wrapper around a PyTorch module.

    Let us assume that we have the following PyTorch module:

    ```python
    from torch import nn

    net = nn.Linear(5, 8)
    ```

    which has 48 parameters (when all the parameters are flattened).
    Let us randomly generate a parameter vector for our module `net`:

    ```python
    parameters = torch.randn(48)
    ```

    We can now prepare a policy:

    ```python
    policy = Policy(net)
    policy.set_parameters(parameters)
    ```

    If we generate a random observation:

    ```python
    observation = torch.randn(5)
    ```

    We can receive our action as follows:

    ```python
    action = policy(observation)
    ```

    If the PyTorch module that we wish to wrap is a recurrent network (i.e.
    a network which expects an optional second argument for the hidden state,
    and returns a second value which represents the updated hidden state),
    then, the hidden state is automatically managed by the Policy instance.

    Let us assume that we have a recurrent network named `recnet`.

    ```python
    policy = Policy(recnet)
    policy.set_parameters(parameters_of_recnet)
    ```

    In this case, because the hidden state of the network is internally
    managed, the usage is still the same with our previous non-recurrent
    example:

    ```python
    action = policy(observation)
    ```

    When using a recurrent module on multiple episodes, it is important
    to reset the hidden state of the network. This is achieved by the
    reset method:

    ```python
    policy.reset()
    action1 = policy(observation1)

    # action2 will be computed with the hidden state generated by the
    # previous forward-pass.
    action2 = policy(observation2)

    policy.reset()

    # action3 will be computed according to the renewed hidden state.
    action3 = policy(observation3)
    ```

    Both for non-recurrent and recurrent networks, it is possible to
    perform vectorized operations. For now, let us return to our
    first non-recurrent example:

    ```python
    net = nn.Linear(5, 8)
    ```

    Instead of generating only one parameter vector, we now generate
    a batch of parameter vectors. Let us say that our batch size is 10:

    ```python
    batch_of_parameters = torch.randn(10, 48)
    ```

    Like we did in the non-batched examples, we can do:

    ```python
    policy = Policy(net)
    policy.set_parameters(batch_of_parameters)
    ```

    Because we are now in the batched mode, `policy` now expects a batch
    of observations and will return a batch of actions:

    ```python
    batch_of_observations = torch.randn(10, 5)
    batch_of_actions = policy(batch_of_observations)
    ```

    When doing vectorized reinforcement learning with a recurrent module,
    it can be the case that only some of the environments are finished,
    and therefore it is necessary to reset the hidden states associated
    with those environments only. The `reset(...)` method of Policy
    has a second argument to specify which of the recurrent network
    instances are to be reset. For example, if the episodes of the
    environments with indices 2 and 5 are about to restart (and therefore
    we wish to reset the states of the networks with indices 2 and 5),
    then, we can do:

    ```python
    policy.reset(torch.tensor([2, 5]))
    ```
    """

    def __init__(self, net: Union[str, Callable, nn.Module], **kwargs):
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the Policy.

        Args:
            net: The network to be wrapped by the Policy object.
                This can be a string, a Callable (e.g. a `torch.nn.Module`
                subclass), or a `torch.nn.Module` instance.
                When this argument is a string, the network will be
                created with the help of the function
                `evotorch.neuroevolution.net.str_to_net(...)` and then
                wrapped. Please see the `str_to_net(...)` function's
                documentation for details regarding how a network structure
                can be expressed via strings.
            kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments,
                these keyword arguments will be passed to the provided
                Callable object (if the argument `net` is a Callable)
                or to `str_to_net(...)` (if the argument `net` is a string)
                at the moment of generating the network.
                If the argument `net` is a `torch.nn.Module` instance,
                having any additional keyword arguments will trigger an
                error, because the network is already instantiated and
                therefore, it is not possible to pass these keyword arguments.
        """
        from ..net import str_to_net
        from ..net.functional import ModuleExpectingFlatParameters, make_functional_module

        if isinstance(net, str):
            self.__module = str_to_net(net, **kwargs)
        elif isinstance(net, nn.Module):
            if len(kwargs) > 0:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"When the network is given as an `nn.Module` instance, extra network arguments cannot be used"
                    f" (because the network is already instantiated)."
                    f" However, these extra keyword arguments were received: {kwargs}."
                )
            self.__module = net
        elif isinstance(net, Callable):
            self.__module = net(**kwargs)
        else:
            raise TypeError(
                f"The class `Policy` expected a string or an `nn.Module` instance, or a Callable, but received {net}"
                f" (whose type is {type(net)})."
            )

        self.__fmodule: ModuleExpectingFlatParameters = make_functional_module(self.__module)
        self.__state: Any = None
        self.__parameters: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None

    def set_parameters(self, parameters: torch.Tensor, indices: Optional[MaskOrIndices] = None, *, reset: bool = True):
        """
        Set the parameters of the policy.

        Args:
            parameters: A 1-dimensional or a 2-dimensional tensor containing
                the flattened parameters to be used with the neural network.
                If the given parameters are two-dimensional, then, given that
                the leftmost size of the parameter tensor is `n`, the
                observations will be expected in a batch with leftmost size
                `n`, and the returned actions will also be in a batch,
                again with the leftmost size `n`.
            indices: For when the parameters were previously given via a
                2-dimensional tensor, provide this argument if you would like
                to change only some rows of the previously given parameters.
                For example, if `indices` is given as `torch.tensor([2, 4])`
                and the argument `parameters` is given as a 2-dimensional
                tensor with leftmost size 2, then the rows with indices
                2 and 4 will be replaced by these new parameters provided
                via the argument `parameters`.
            reset: If given as True, the hidden states of the networks whose
                parameters just changed will be reset. If `indices` was not
                provided at all, then this means that the parameters of all
                networks are modified, in which case, all the hidden states
                will be reset.
                If given as False, no such resetting will be done.
        """
        if self.__parameters is None:
            if indices is not None:
                raise ValueError(
                    "The argument `indices` can be used only if network parameters were previously specified."
                    " However, it seems that the method `set_parameters(...)` was not called before."
                )
            self.__parameters = parameters
        else:
            if indices is None:
                self.__parameters = parameters
            else:
                self.__parameters[indices] = parameters

        if reset:
            self.reset(indices)

    def __call__(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Pass the given observations through the network.

        Args:
            x: The observations, as a PyTorch tensor.
                If the parameters were given (via the method
                `set_parameters(...)`) as a 1-dimensional tensor, then this
                argument is expected to store a single observation.
                If the parameters were given as a 2-dimensional tensor,
                then, this argument is expected to store a batch of
                observations, and the leftmost size of this observation
                tensor must match with the leftmost size of the parameter
                tensor.
        Returns:
            The output tensor, which represents the action to take.
        """
        if self.__parameters is None:
            raise ValueError("Please use the method `set_parameters(...)` before calling the policy.")

        if self.__state is None:
            further_args = (x,)
        else:
            further_args = (x, self.__state)

        parameters = self.__parameters
        ndim = parameters.ndim
        if ndim == 1:
            result = self.__fmodule(parameters, *further_args)
        elif ndim == 2:
            vmapped = vmap(self.__fmodule)
            result = vmapped(parameters, *further_args)
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Expected the parameters as a 1 or 2 dimensional tensor."
                f" However, the received parameters tensor has {ndim} dimensions."
            )

        if isinstance(result, torch.Tensor):
            return result
        elif isinstance(result, tuple):
            result, state = result
            self.__state = state
            return result
        else:
            raise TypeError(f"The torch module used by the Policy returned an unexpected object: {result}")

    def reset(self, indices: Optional[MaskOrIndices] = None, *, copy: bool = True):
        """
        Reset the hidden states, if the contained module is a recurrent network.

        Args:
            indices: Optionally a sequence of integers or a sequence of
                booleans, specifying which networks' states will be
                reset. If left as None, then the states of all the networks
                will be reset.
            copy: When `indices` is given as something other than None,
                if `copy` is given as True, then the resetting will NOT
                be done in-place. Instead, a new copy of the hidden state
                will first be created, and then the specified regions
                of this new copy will be cleared, and then finally this
                modified copy will be declared as the new hidden state.
                It is a common practice for recurrent neural network
                implementations to return the same tensor both as its
                output and as (part of) its hidden state. With `copy=False`,
                the resetting would be done in-place, and the action
                tensor could be involuntarily reset as well.
                This in-place modification could cause silent bugs
                if the unintended modification on the action tensor
                happens BEFORE the action is sent to the reinforcement
                learning environment.
                To prevent such situations, the default value for the argument
                `copy` is True.
        """
        if indices is None:
            self.__state = None
        else:
            if self.__state is not None:
                with torch.no_grad():
                    if copy:
                        self.__state = deepcopy(self.__state)
                    reset_tensors(self.__state, indices)

    @property
    def parameters(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        The currently used parameters.
        """
        return self.__parameters

    @property
    def h(self) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
        """
        The hidden state of the contained recurrent network, if any.

        If the contained recurrent network did not generate a hidden state
        yet, or if the contained network is not recurrent, then the result
        will be None.
        """
        return self.__state

    @property
    def parameter_length(self) -> int:
        """
        Length of the parameter tensor.
        """
        return self.__fmodule.parameter_length

    @property
    def wrapped_module(self) -> nn.Module:
        """
        The wrapped `torch.nn.Module` instance.
        """
        return self.__module

    def to_torch_module(self, parameter_vector: torch.Tensor) -> nn.Module:
        """
        Get a copy of the contained network, parameterized as specified.

        Args:
            parameter_vector: The parameters to be used by the new network.
        Returns:
            Copy of the contained network, as a `torch.nn.Module` instance.
        """
        with torch.no_grad():
            net = deepcopy(self.__module).to(parameter_vector.device)
            nnu.vector_to_parameters(parameter_vector, net.parameters())
        return net

h: Optional[torch.Tensor] property readonly

The hidden state of the contained recurrent network, if any.

If the contained recurrent network did not generate a hidden state yet, or if the contained network is not recurrent, then the result will be None.

parameter_length: int property readonly

Length of the parameter tensor.

parameters: Tensor property readonly

The currently used parameters.

wrapped_module: Module property readonly

The wrapped torch.nn.Module instance.

__call__(self, x) special

Pass the given observations through the network.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Tensor

The observations, as a PyTorch tensor. If the parameters were given (via the method set_parameters(...)) as a 1-dimensional tensor, then this argument is expected to store a single observation. If the parameters were given as a 2-dimensional tensor, then, this argument is expected to store a batch of observations, and the leftmost size of this observation tensor must match with the leftmost size of the parameter tensor.

required

Returns:

Type Description
Tensor

The output tensor, which represents the action to take.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def __call__(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Pass the given observations through the network.

    Args:
        x: The observations, as a PyTorch tensor.
            If the parameters were given (via the method
            `set_parameters(...)`) as a 1-dimensional tensor, then this
            argument is expected to store a single observation.
            If the parameters were given as a 2-dimensional tensor,
            then, this argument is expected to store a batch of
            observations, and the leftmost size of this observation
            tensor must match with the leftmost size of the parameter
            tensor.
    Returns:
        The output tensor, which represents the action to take.
    """
    if self.__parameters is None:
        raise ValueError("Please use the method `set_parameters(...)` before calling the policy.")

    if self.__state is None:
        further_args = (x,)
    else:
        further_args = (x, self.__state)

    parameters = self.__parameters
    ndim = parameters.ndim
    if ndim == 1:
        result = self.__fmodule(parameters, *further_args)
    elif ndim == 2:
        vmapped = vmap(self.__fmodule)
        result = vmapped(parameters, *further_args)
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Expected the parameters as a 1 or 2 dimensional tensor."
            f" However, the received parameters tensor has {ndim} dimensions."
        )

    if isinstance(result, torch.Tensor):
        return result
    elif isinstance(result, tuple):
        result, state = result
        self.__state = state
        return result
    else:
        raise TypeError(f"The torch module used by the Policy returned an unexpected object: {result}")

__init__(self, net, **kwargs) special

__init__(...): Initialize the Policy.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
net Union[str, Callable, torch.nn.modules.module.Module]

The network to be wrapped by the Policy object. This can be a string, a Callable (e.g. a torch.nn.Module subclass), or a torch.nn.Module instance. When this argument is a string, the network will be created with the help of the function evotorch.neuroevolution.net.str_to_net(...) and then wrapped. Please see the str_to_net(...) function's documentation for details regarding how a network structure can be expressed via strings.

required
kwargs

Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these keyword arguments will be passed to the provided Callable object (if the argument net is a Callable) or to str_to_net(...) (if the argument net is a string) at the moment of generating the network. If the argument net is a torch.nn.Module instance, having any additional keyword arguments will trigger an error, because the network is already instantiated and therefore, it is not possible to pass these keyword arguments.

{}
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def __init__(self, net: Union[str, Callable, nn.Module], **kwargs):
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the Policy.

    Args:
        net: The network to be wrapped by the Policy object.
            This can be a string, a Callable (e.g. a `torch.nn.Module`
            subclass), or a `torch.nn.Module` instance.
            When this argument is a string, the network will be
            created with the help of the function
            `evotorch.neuroevolution.net.str_to_net(...)` and then
            wrapped. Please see the `str_to_net(...)` function's
            documentation for details regarding how a network structure
            can be expressed via strings.
        kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments,
            these keyword arguments will be passed to the provided
            Callable object (if the argument `net` is a Callable)
            or to `str_to_net(...)` (if the argument `net` is a string)
            at the moment of generating the network.
            If the argument `net` is a `torch.nn.Module` instance,
            having any additional keyword arguments will trigger an
            error, because the network is already instantiated and
            therefore, it is not possible to pass these keyword arguments.
    """
    from ..net import str_to_net
    from ..net.functional import ModuleExpectingFlatParameters, make_functional_module

    if isinstance(net, str):
        self.__module = str_to_net(net, **kwargs)
    elif isinstance(net, nn.Module):
        if len(kwargs) > 0:
            raise ValueError(
                f"When the network is given as an `nn.Module` instance, extra network arguments cannot be used"
                f" (because the network is already instantiated)."
                f" However, these extra keyword arguments were received: {kwargs}."
            )
        self.__module = net
    elif isinstance(net, Callable):
        self.__module = net(**kwargs)
    else:
        raise TypeError(
            f"The class `Policy` expected a string or an `nn.Module` instance, or a Callable, but received {net}"
            f" (whose type is {type(net)})."
        )

    self.__fmodule: ModuleExpectingFlatParameters = make_functional_module(self.__module)
    self.__state: Any = None
    self.__parameters: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None

reset(self, indices=None, *, copy=True)

Reset the hidden states, if the contained module is a recurrent network.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
indices Union[int, Iterable]

Optionally a sequence of integers or a sequence of booleans, specifying which networks' states will be reset. If left as None, then the states of all the networks will be reset.

None
copy bool

When indices is given as something other than None, if copy is given as True, then the resetting will NOT be done in-place. Instead, a new copy of the hidden state will first be created, and then the specified regions of this new copy will be cleared, and then finally this modified copy will be declared as the new hidden state. It is a common practice for recurrent neural network implementations to return the same tensor both as its output and as (part of) its hidden state. With copy=False, the resetting would be done in-place, and the action tensor could be involuntarily reset as well. This in-place modification could cause silent bugs if the unintended modification on the action tensor happens BEFORE the action is sent to the reinforcement learning environment. To prevent such situations, the default value for the argument copy is True.

True
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def reset(self, indices: Optional[MaskOrIndices] = None, *, copy: bool = True):
    """
    Reset the hidden states, if the contained module is a recurrent network.

    Args:
        indices: Optionally a sequence of integers or a sequence of
            booleans, specifying which networks' states will be
            reset. If left as None, then the states of all the networks
            will be reset.
        copy: When `indices` is given as something other than None,
            if `copy` is given as True, then the resetting will NOT
            be done in-place. Instead, a new copy of the hidden state
            will first be created, and then the specified regions
            of this new copy will be cleared, and then finally this
            modified copy will be declared as the new hidden state.
            It is a common practice for recurrent neural network
            implementations to return the same tensor both as its
            output and as (part of) its hidden state. With `copy=False`,
            the resetting would be done in-place, and the action
            tensor could be involuntarily reset as well.
            This in-place modification could cause silent bugs
            if the unintended modification on the action tensor
            happens BEFORE the action is sent to the reinforcement
            learning environment.
            To prevent such situations, the default value for the argument
            `copy` is True.
    """
    if indices is None:
        self.__state = None
    else:
        if self.__state is not None:
            with torch.no_grad():
                if copy:
                    self.__state = deepcopy(self.__state)
                reset_tensors(self.__state, indices)

set_parameters(self, parameters, indices=None, *, reset=True)

Set the parameters of the policy.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
parameters Tensor

A 1-dimensional or a 2-dimensional tensor containing the flattened parameters to be used with the neural network. If the given parameters are two-dimensional, then, given that the leftmost size of the parameter tensor is n, the observations will be expected in a batch with leftmost size n, and the returned actions will also be in a batch, again with the leftmost size n.

required
indices Union[int, Iterable]

For when the parameters were previously given via a 2-dimensional tensor, provide this argument if you would like to change only some rows of the previously given parameters. For example, if indices is given as torch.tensor([2, 4]) and the argument parameters is given as a 2-dimensional tensor with leftmost size 2, then the rows with indices 2 and 4 will be replaced by these new parameters provided via the argument parameters.

None
reset bool

If given as True, the hidden states of the networks whose parameters just changed will be reset. If indices was not provided at all, then this means that the parameters of all networks are modified, in which case, all the hidden states will be reset. If given as False, no such resetting will be done.

True
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def set_parameters(self, parameters: torch.Tensor, indices: Optional[MaskOrIndices] = None, *, reset: bool = True):
    """
    Set the parameters of the policy.

    Args:
        parameters: A 1-dimensional or a 2-dimensional tensor containing
            the flattened parameters to be used with the neural network.
            If the given parameters are two-dimensional, then, given that
            the leftmost size of the parameter tensor is `n`, the
            observations will be expected in a batch with leftmost size
            `n`, and the returned actions will also be in a batch,
            again with the leftmost size `n`.
        indices: For when the parameters were previously given via a
            2-dimensional tensor, provide this argument if you would like
            to change only some rows of the previously given parameters.
            For example, if `indices` is given as `torch.tensor([2, 4])`
            and the argument `parameters` is given as a 2-dimensional
            tensor with leftmost size 2, then the rows with indices
            2 and 4 will be replaced by these new parameters provided
            via the argument `parameters`.
        reset: If given as True, the hidden states of the networks whose
            parameters just changed will be reset. If `indices` was not
            provided at all, then this means that the parameters of all
            networks are modified, in which case, all the hidden states
            will be reset.
            If given as False, no such resetting will be done.
    """
    if self.__parameters is None:
        if indices is not None:
            raise ValueError(
                "The argument `indices` can be used only if network parameters were previously specified."
                " However, it seems that the method `set_parameters(...)` was not called before."
            )
        self.__parameters = parameters
    else:
        if indices is None:
            self.__parameters = parameters
        else:
            self.__parameters[indices] = parameters

    if reset:
        self.reset(indices)

to_torch_module(self, parameter_vector)

Get a copy of the contained network, parameterized as specified.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
parameter_vector Tensor

The parameters to be used by the new network.

required

Returns:

Type Description
Module

Copy of the contained network, as a torch.nn.Module instance.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def to_torch_module(self, parameter_vector: torch.Tensor) -> nn.Module:
    """
    Get a copy of the contained network, parameterized as specified.

    Args:
        parameter_vector: The parameters to be used by the new network.
    Returns:
        Copy of the contained network, as a `torch.nn.Module` instance.
    """
    with torch.no_grad():
        net = deepcopy(self.__module).to(parameter_vector.device)
        nnu.vector_to_parameters(parameter_vector, net.parameters())
    return net

TorchWrapper (Wrapper)

A gym wrapper which ensures that the actions, observations, rewards, and the 'done' values are expressed as PyTorch tensors.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
class TorchWrapper(gym.Wrapper):
    """
    A gym wrapper which ensures that the actions, observations, rewards, and
    the 'done' values are expressed as PyTorch tensors.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        env: Union[gym.Env],
        *,
        force_classic_api: bool = False,
        discrete_to_continuous_act: bool = False,
        clip_actions: bool = False,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        `__init__(...)`: Initialize the TorchWrapper.

        Args:
            env: The gym environment to be wrapped.
            force_classic_api: Set this as True if you would like to enable
                the classic API. In the classic API, the `reset(...)` method
                returns only the observation and the `step(...)` method
                returns 4 elements (not 5).
            discrete_to_continuous_act: When this is set as True and the
                wrapped environment has a Discrete action space, this wrapper
                will transform the action space to Box. A Discrete-action
                environment with `n` actions will be converted to a Box-action
                environment where the action length is `n`.
                The index of the largest value within the action vector will
                be applied to the underlying environment.
            clip_actions: Set this as True if you would like to clip the given
                actions so that they conform to the declared boundaries of the
                action space.
            kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments.
                These additional keyword arguments are passed to the
                superclass.
        """
        super().__init__(env, **kwargs)

        # Declare the variable that will store the array type of the underlying environment.
        self.__array_type: Optional[str] = None

        if hasattr(env, "single_observation_space"):
            # If the underlying environment has the attribute "single_observation_space",
            # then this is a vectorized environment.
            self.__vectorized = True

            # Get the observation and action spaces.
            obs_space = env.single_observation_space
            act_space = env.single_action_space
        else:
            # If the underlying environment has the attribute "single_observation_space",
            # then this is a non-vectorized environment.
            self.__vectorized = False

            # Get the observation and action spaces.
            obs_space = env.observation_space
            act_space = env.action_space

        # Ensure that the observation and action spaces are supported.
        _must_be_supported_space(obs_space)
        _must_be_supported_space(act_space)

        # Store the choice of the user regarding "force_classic_api".
        self.__force_classic_api = bool(force_classic_api)

        if isinstance(act_space, Discrete) and discrete_to_continuous_act:
            # The underlying action space is Discrete and `discrete_to_continuous_act` is given as True.
            # Therefore, we convert the action space to continuous (to Box).

            # Take the shape and the dtype of the discrete action space.
            single_action_shape = (act_space.n,)
            single_action_dtype = torch.from_numpy(np.array([], dtype=act_space.dtype)).dtype

            # We store the integer dtype of the environment.
            self.__discrete_dtype = single_action_dtype

            if self.__vectorized:
                # If the environment is vectorized, we declare the new `action_space` and the `single_action_space`
                # for the enviornment.
                action_shape = (env.num_envs,) + single_action_shape
                self.single_action_space = Box(float("-inf"), float("inf"), shape=single_action_shape, dtype=np.float32)
                self.action_space = Box(float("-inf"), float("inf"), shape=action_shape, dtype=np.float32)
            else:
                # If the environment is not vectorized, we declare the new `action_space` for the environment.
                self.action_space = Box(float("-inf"), float("inf"), shape=single_action_shape, dtype=np.float32)
        else:
            # This is the case where we do not transform the action space.
            # The discrete dtype will not be used, so, we set it as None.
            self.__discrete_dtype = None

        if isinstance(act_space, Box) and clip_actions:
            # If the action space is Box and the wrapper is configured to clip the actions, then we store the lower
            # and the upper bounds for the actions.
            self.__act_lb = torch.from_numpy(act_space.low)
            self.__act_ub = torch.from_numpy(act_space.high)
        else:
            # If there will not be any action clipping, then we store the lower and the upper bounds as None.
            self.__act_lb = None
            self.__act_ub = None

    @property
    def array_type(self) -> Optional[str]:
        """
        Get the array type of the wrapped environment.
        This can be "jax", "torch", or "numpy".
        """
        return self.__array_type

    def __infer_array_type(self, observation):
        if self.__array_type is None:
            # If the array type is not determined yet, set it as the array type of the received observation.
            # If the observation has an unrecognized type, set the array type as "numpy".
            self.__array_type = array_type(observation, "numpy")

    def reset(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Reset the environment"""

        # Call the reset method of the wrapped environment.
        reset_result = self.env.reset(*args, **kwargs)

        if isinstance(reset_result, tuple):
            # If we received a tuple of two elements, then we assume that this is the new gym API.
            # We note that we received an info dictionary.
            got_info = True
            # We keep the received observation and info.
            observation, info = reset_result
        else:
            # If we did not receive a tuple, then we assume that this is the old gym API.
            # We note that we did not receive an info dictionary.
            got_info = False
            # We keep the received observation.
            observation = reset_result
            # We did not receive an info dictionary, so, we set it as an empty dictionary.
            info = {}

        # We understand the array type of the underlying environment from the first observation.
        self.__infer_array_type(observation)

        # Convert the observation to a PyTorch tensor.
        observation = convert_to_torch(observation)

        if self.__force_classic_api:
            # If the option `force_classic_api` was set as True, then we only return the observation.
            return observation
        else:
            # Here we handle the case where `force_classic_api` was set as False.
            if got_info:
                # If we got an additional info dictionary, we return it next to the observation.
                return observation, info
            else:
                # If we did not get any info dictionary, we return only the observation.
                return observation

    def step(self, action, *args, **kwargs):
        """Take a step in the environment"""

        if self.__array_type is None:
            # If the array type is not known yet, then probably `reset()` has not been called yet.
            # We raise an error.
            raise ValueError(
                "Could not understand what type of array this environment works with."
                " Perhaps the `reset()` method has not been called yet?"
            )

        if self.__discrete_dtype is not None:
            # If the wrapped environment is discrete-actioned, then we take the integer counterpart of the action.
            action = torch.argmax(action, dim=-1).to(dtype=self.__discrete_dtype)

        if self.__act_lb is not None:
            # The internal variable `__act_lb` having a value other than None means that the initialization argument
            # `clip_actions` was given as True.
            # Therefore, we clip the actions.
            self.__act_lb = self.__act_lb.to(action.device)
            self.__act_ub = self.__act_ub.to(action.device)
            action = torch.max(action, self.__act_lb)
            action = torch.min(action, self.__act_ub)

        # Convert the action tensor to the expected array type of the underlying environment.
        action = convert_from_torch(action, self.__array_type)

        # Perform the step and get the result.
        result = self.env.step(action, *args, **kwargs)

        if not isinstance(result, tuple):
            # If the `step(...)` method returned anything other than tuple, we raise an error.
            raise TypeError(f"Expected a tuple as the result of the `step()` method, but received a {type(result)}")

        if len(result) == 5:
            # If the result is a tuple of 5 elements, then we note that we are using the new API.
            using_new_api = True
            # Take the observation, reward, two boolean variables done and done2 indicating that the episode(s)
            # has/have ended, and additional info.
            # `done` indicates whether or not the episode(s) reached terminal state(s).
            # `done2` indicates whether or not the episode(s) got truncated because of the timestep limit.
            observation, reward, done, done2, info = result
        elif len(result) == 4:
            # If the result is a tuple of 5 elements, then we note that we are not using the new API.
            using_new_api = False
            # Take the observation, reward, the done boolean flag, and additional info.
            observation, reward, done, info = result
            done2 = None
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected number of elements were returned from step(): {len(result)}")

        # Convert the observation, reward, and done variables to PyTorch tensors.
        observation = convert_to_torch(observation)
        reward = convert_to_torch(reward)
        done = convert_to_torch_bool(done)
        if done2 is not None:
            done2 = convert_to_torch_bool(done2)

        if self.__force_classic_api:
            # This is the case where the initialization argument `force_classic_api` was set as True.
            if done2 is not None:
                # We combine the terminal state and truncation signals into a single boolean tensor indicating
                # whether or not the episode(s) ended.
                done = done | done2
            # Return 4 elements, compatible with the classic gym API.
            return observation, reward, done, info
        else:
            # This is the case where the initialization argument `force_classic_api` was set as False.
            if using_new_api:
                # If we are using the new API, then we return the 5-element result.
                return observation, reward, done, done2, info
            else:
                # If we are using the new API, then we return the 4-element result.
                return observation, reward, done, info

array_type: Optional[str] property readonly

Get the array type of the wrapped environment. This can be "jax", "torch", or "numpy".

__init__(self, env, *, force_classic_api=False, discrete_to_continuous_act=False, clip_actions=False, **kwargs) special

__init__(...): Initialize the TorchWrapper.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
env Env

The gym environment to be wrapped.

required
force_classic_api bool

Set this as True if you would like to enable the classic API. In the classic API, the reset(...) method returns only the observation and the step(...) method returns 4 elements (not 5).

False
discrete_to_continuous_act bool

When this is set as True and the wrapped environment has a Discrete action space, this wrapper will transform the action space to Box. A Discrete-action environment with n actions will be converted to a Box-action environment where the action length is n. The index of the largest value within the action vector will be applied to the underlying environment.

False
clip_actions bool

Set this as True if you would like to clip the given actions so that they conform to the declared boundaries of the action space.

False
kwargs

Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments. These additional keyword arguments are passed to the superclass.

{}
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def __init__(
    self,
    env: Union[gym.Env],
    *,
    force_classic_api: bool = False,
    discrete_to_continuous_act: bool = False,
    clip_actions: bool = False,
    **kwargs,
):
    """
    `__init__(...)`: Initialize the TorchWrapper.

    Args:
        env: The gym environment to be wrapped.
        force_classic_api: Set this as True if you would like to enable
            the classic API. In the classic API, the `reset(...)` method
            returns only the observation and the `step(...)` method
            returns 4 elements (not 5).
        discrete_to_continuous_act: When this is set as True and the
            wrapped environment has a Discrete action space, this wrapper
            will transform the action space to Box. A Discrete-action
            environment with `n` actions will be converted to a Box-action
            environment where the action length is `n`.
            The index of the largest value within the action vector will
            be applied to the underlying environment.
        clip_actions: Set this as True if you would like to clip the given
            actions so that they conform to the declared boundaries of the
            action space.
        kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments.
            These additional keyword arguments are passed to the
            superclass.
    """
    super().__init__(env, **kwargs)

    # Declare the variable that will store the array type of the underlying environment.
    self.__array_type: Optional[str] = None

    if hasattr(env, "single_observation_space"):
        # If the underlying environment has the attribute "single_observation_space",
        # then this is a vectorized environment.
        self.__vectorized = True

        # Get the observation and action spaces.
        obs_space = env.single_observation_space
        act_space = env.single_action_space
    else:
        # If the underlying environment has the attribute "single_observation_space",
        # then this is a non-vectorized environment.
        self.__vectorized = False

        # Get the observation and action spaces.
        obs_space = env.observation_space
        act_space = env.action_space

    # Ensure that the observation and action spaces are supported.
    _must_be_supported_space(obs_space)
    _must_be_supported_space(act_space)

    # Store the choice of the user regarding "force_classic_api".
    self.__force_classic_api = bool(force_classic_api)

    if isinstance(act_space, Discrete) and discrete_to_continuous_act:
        # The underlying action space is Discrete and `discrete_to_continuous_act` is given as True.
        # Therefore, we convert the action space to continuous (to Box).

        # Take the shape and the dtype of the discrete action space.
        single_action_shape = (act_space.n,)
        single_action_dtype = torch.from_numpy(np.array([], dtype=act_space.dtype)).dtype

        # We store the integer dtype of the environment.
        self.__discrete_dtype = single_action_dtype

        if self.__vectorized:
            # If the environment is vectorized, we declare the new `action_space` and the `single_action_space`
            # for the enviornment.
            action_shape = (env.num_envs,) + single_action_shape
            self.single_action_space = Box(float("-inf"), float("inf"), shape=single_action_shape, dtype=np.float32)
            self.action_space = Box(float("-inf"), float("inf"), shape=action_shape, dtype=np.float32)
        else:
            # If the environment is not vectorized, we declare the new `action_space` for the environment.
            self.action_space = Box(float("-inf"), float("inf"), shape=single_action_shape, dtype=np.float32)
    else:
        # This is the case where we do not transform the action space.
        # The discrete dtype will not be used, so, we set it as None.
        self.__discrete_dtype = None

    if isinstance(act_space, Box) and clip_actions:
        # If the action space is Box and the wrapper is configured to clip the actions, then we store the lower
        # and the upper bounds for the actions.
        self.__act_lb = torch.from_numpy(act_space.low)
        self.__act_ub = torch.from_numpy(act_space.high)
    else:
        # If there will not be any action clipping, then we store the lower and the upper bounds as None.
        self.__act_lb = None
        self.__act_ub = None

reset(self, *args, **kwargs)

Reset the environment

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def reset(self, *args, **kwargs):
    """Reset the environment"""

    # Call the reset method of the wrapped environment.
    reset_result = self.env.reset(*args, **kwargs)

    if isinstance(reset_result, tuple):
        # If we received a tuple of two elements, then we assume that this is the new gym API.
        # We note that we received an info dictionary.
        got_info = True
        # We keep the received observation and info.
        observation, info = reset_result
    else:
        # If we did not receive a tuple, then we assume that this is the old gym API.
        # We note that we did not receive an info dictionary.
        got_info = False
        # We keep the received observation.
        observation = reset_result
        # We did not receive an info dictionary, so, we set it as an empty dictionary.
        info = {}

    # We understand the array type of the underlying environment from the first observation.
    self.__infer_array_type(observation)

    # Convert the observation to a PyTorch tensor.
    observation = convert_to_torch(observation)

    if self.__force_classic_api:
        # If the option `force_classic_api` was set as True, then we only return the observation.
        return observation
    else:
        # Here we handle the case where `force_classic_api` was set as False.
        if got_info:
            # If we got an additional info dictionary, we return it next to the observation.
            return observation, info
        else:
            # If we did not get any info dictionary, we return only the observation.
            return observation

step(self, action, *args, **kwargs)

Take a step in the environment

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def step(self, action, *args, **kwargs):
    """Take a step in the environment"""

    if self.__array_type is None:
        # If the array type is not known yet, then probably `reset()` has not been called yet.
        # We raise an error.
        raise ValueError(
            "Could not understand what type of array this environment works with."
            " Perhaps the `reset()` method has not been called yet?"
        )

    if self.__discrete_dtype is not None:
        # If the wrapped environment is discrete-actioned, then we take the integer counterpart of the action.
        action = torch.argmax(action, dim=-1).to(dtype=self.__discrete_dtype)

    if self.__act_lb is not None:
        # The internal variable `__act_lb` having a value other than None means that the initialization argument
        # `clip_actions` was given as True.
        # Therefore, we clip the actions.
        self.__act_lb = self.__act_lb.to(action.device)
        self.__act_ub = self.__act_ub.to(action.device)
        action = torch.max(action, self.__act_lb)
        action = torch.min(action, self.__act_ub)

    # Convert the action tensor to the expected array type of the underlying environment.
    action = convert_from_torch(action, self.__array_type)

    # Perform the step and get the result.
    result = self.env.step(action, *args, **kwargs)

    if not isinstance(result, tuple):
        # If the `step(...)` method returned anything other than tuple, we raise an error.
        raise TypeError(f"Expected a tuple as the result of the `step()` method, but received a {type(result)}")

    if len(result) == 5:
        # If the result is a tuple of 5 elements, then we note that we are using the new API.
        using_new_api = True
        # Take the observation, reward, two boolean variables done and done2 indicating that the episode(s)
        # has/have ended, and additional info.
        # `done` indicates whether or not the episode(s) reached terminal state(s).
        # `done2` indicates whether or not the episode(s) got truncated because of the timestep limit.
        observation, reward, done, done2, info = result
    elif len(result) == 4:
        # If the result is a tuple of 5 elements, then we note that we are not using the new API.
        using_new_api = False
        # Take the observation, reward, the done boolean flag, and additional info.
        observation, reward, done, info = result
        done2 = None
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unexpected number of elements were returned from step(): {len(result)}")

    # Convert the observation, reward, and done variables to PyTorch tensors.
    observation = convert_to_torch(observation)
    reward = convert_to_torch(reward)
    done = convert_to_torch_bool(done)
    if done2 is not None:
        done2 = convert_to_torch_bool(done2)

    if self.__force_classic_api:
        # This is the case where the initialization argument `force_classic_api` was set as True.
        if done2 is not None:
            # We combine the terminal state and truncation signals into a single boolean tensor indicating
            # whether or not the episode(s) ended.
            done = done | done2
        # Return 4 elements, compatible with the classic gym API.
        return observation, reward, done, info
    else:
        # This is the case where the initialization argument `force_classic_api` was set as False.
        if using_new_api:
            # If we are using the new API, then we return the 5-element result.
            return observation, reward, done, done2, info
        else:
            # If we are using the new API, then we return the 4-element result.
            return observation, reward, done, info

array_type(x, fallback=None)

Get the type of an array as a string ("jax", "torch", or "numpy"). If the type of the array cannot be determined and a fallback is provided, then the fallback value will be returned.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Any

The array whose type will be determined.

required
fallback Optional[str]

Fallback value, as a string, which will be returned if the array type cannot be determined.

None

Returns:

Type Description
str

The array type as a string ("jax", "torch", or "numpy").

Exceptions:

Type Description
TypeError

if the array type cannot be determined and a fallback value is not provided.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def array_type(x: Any, fallback: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    """
    Get the type of an array as a string ("jax", "torch", or "numpy").
    If the type of the array cannot be determined and a fallback is provided,
    then the fallback value will be returned.

    Args:
        x: The array whose type will be determined.
        fallback: Fallback value, as a string, which will be returned if the
            array type cannot be determined.
    Returns:
        The array type as a string ("jax", "torch", or "numpy").
    Raises:
        TypeError: if the array type cannot be determined and a fallback
            value is not provided.
    """
    if is_jax_array(x):
        return "jax"
    elif isinstance(x, torch.Tensor):
        return "torch"
    elif isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
        return "numpy"
    elif fallback is not None:
        return fallback
    else:
        raise TypeError(f"The object has an unrecognized type: {type(x)}")

convert_from_torch(x, array_type)

Convert the given PyTorch tensor to an array of the specified type.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Tensor

The PyTorch array that will be converted.

required
array_type str

Type to which the PyTorch tensor will be converted. Expected as one of these strings: "jax", "torch", "numpy".

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def convert_from_torch(x: torch.Tensor, array_type: str) -> Any:
    """
    Convert the given PyTorch tensor to an array of the specified type.

    Args:
        x: The PyTorch array that will be converted.
        array_type: Type to which the PyTorch tensor will be converted.
            Expected as one of these strings: "jax", "torch", "numpy".
    Returns:

    """
    if array_type == "torch":
        return x
    elif array_type == "jax":
        return torch_to_jax(x)
    elif array_type == "numpy":
        return x.cpu().numpy()
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unrecognized array type: {array_type}")

convert_to_torch(x)

Convert the given array to PyTorch tensor.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Any

Array to be converted. Can be a JAX array, a numpy array, a PyTorch tensor (in which case the input tensor will be returned as it is) or any Iterable object.

required

Returns:

Type Description
Tensor

The PyTorch counterpart of the given array.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def convert_to_torch(x: Any) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Convert the given array to PyTorch tensor.

    Args:
        x: Array to be converted. Can be a JAX array, a numpy array,
            a PyTorch tensor (in which case the input tensor will be
            returned as it is) or any Iterable object.
    Returns:
        The PyTorch counterpart of the given array.
    """
    if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor):
        return x
    elif is_jax_array(x):
        return jax_to_torch(x)
    elif isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
        return torch.from_numpy(x)
    else:
        return torch.as_tensor(x)

convert_to_torch_bool(x)

Convert the given array to a PyTorch tensor of bools.

If the given object is an array of floating point numbers, then, values that are near to 0.0 (with a tolerance of 1e-4) will be converted to False, and the others will be converted to True. If the given object is an array of integers, then zero values will be converted to False, and non-zero values will be converted to True. If the given object is an array of booleans, then no change will be made to those boolean values.

The given object can be a JAX array, a numpy array, or a PyTorch tensor. The result will always be a PyTorch tensor.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Any

Array to be converted.

required

Returns:

Type Description
Tensor

The array converted to a PyTorch tensor with its dtype set as bool.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def convert_to_torch_bool(x: Any) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Convert the given array to a PyTorch tensor of bools.

    If the given object is an array of floating point numbers, then, values
    that are near to 0.0 (with a tolerance of 1e-4) will be converted to
    False, and the others will be converted to True.
    If the given object is an array of integers, then zero values will be
    converted to False, and non-zero values will be converted to True.
    If the given object is an array of booleans, then no change will be made
    to those boolean values.

    The given object can be a JAX array, a numpy array, or a PyTorch tensor.
    The result will always be a PyTorch tensor.

    Args:
        x: Array to be converted.
    Returns:
        The array converted to a PyTorch tensor with its dtype set as bool.
    """
    x = convert_to_torch(x)
    if x.dtype == torch.bool:
        pass  # nothing to do
    elif "float" in str(x.dtype):
        x = torch.abs(x) > 1e-4
    else:
        x = torch.as_tensor(x, dtype=torch.bool)

    return x

make_brax_env(env_name, *, force_classic_api=False, num_envs=None, discrete_to_continuous_act=False, clip_actions=False, **kwargs)

Make a brax environment and wrap it via TorchWrapper.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
env_name str

Name of the brax environment, as string (e.g. "humanoid").

required
force_classic_api bool

Whether or not the classic gym API is to be used.

False
num_envs Optional[int]

Batch size for the vectorized environment.

None
discrete_to_continuous_act bool

Whether or not the the discrete action space of the environment is to be converted to a continuous one. This does nothing if the environment's action space is not discrete.

False
clip_actions bool

Whether or not the actions should be explicitly clipped so that they stay within the declared action boundaries.

False
kwargs

Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these are passed to the environment.

{}

Returns:

Type Description
TorchWrapper

The brax environment, wrapped by TorchWrapper.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def make_brax_env(
    env_name: str,
    *,
    force_classic_api: bool = False,
    num_envs: Optional[int] = None,
    discrete_to_continuous_act: bool = False,
    clip_actions: bool = False,
    **kwargs,
) -> TorchWrapper:
    """
    Make a brax environment and wrap it via TorchWrapper.

    Args:
        env_name: Name of the brax environment, as string (e.g. "humanoid").
        force_classic_api: Whether or not the classic gym API is to be used.
        num_envs: Batch size for the vectorized environment.
        discrete_to_continuous_act: Whether or not the the discrete action
            space of the environment is to be converted to a continuous one.
            This does nothing if the environment's action space is not
            discrete.
        clip_actions: Whether or not the actions should be explicitly clipped
            so that they stay within the declared action boundaries.
        kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these
            are passed to the environment.
    Returns:
        The brax environment, wrapped by TorchWrapper.
    """

    if brax is not None:
        config = {}
        config.update(kwargs)
        if num_envs is not None:
            config["batch_size"] = num_envs
        env = brax.envs.create_gym_env(env_name, **config)
        env = TorchWrapper(
            env,
            force_classic_api=force_classic_api,
            discrete_to_continuous_act=discrete_to_continuous_act,
            clip_actions=clip_actions,
        )
        return env
    else:
        _brax_is_missing()

make_gym_env(env_name, *, force_classic_api=False, num_envs=None, discrete_to_continuous_act=False, clip_actions=False, **kwargs)

Make gym environments and wrap them via a SyncVectorEnv and a TorchWrapper.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
env_name str

Name of the gym environment, as string (e.g. "Humanoid-v4").

required
force_classic_api bool

Whether or not the classic gym API is to be used.

False
num_envs Optional[int]

Batch size for the vectorized environment.

None
discrete_to_continuous_act bool

Whether or not the the discrete action space of the environment is to be converted to a continuous one. This does nothing if the environment's action space is not discrete.

False
clip_actions bool

Whether or not the actions should be explicitly clipped so that they stay within the declared action boundaries.

False
kwargs

Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these are passed to the environment.

{}

Returns:

Type Description
TorchWrapper

The gym environments, wrapped by a TorchWrapper.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def make_gym_env(
    env_name: str,
    *,
    force_classic_api: bool = False,
    num_envs: Optional[int] = None,
    discrete_to_continuous_act: bool = False,
    clip_actions: bool = False,
    **kwargs,
) -> TorchWrapper:
    """
    Make gym environments and wrap them via a SyncVectorEnv and a TorchWrapper.

    Args:
        env_name: Name of the gym environment, as string (e.g. "Humanoid-v4").
        force_classic_api: Whether or not the classic gym API is to be used.
        num_envs: Batch size for the vectorized environment.
        discrete_to_continuous_act: Whether or not the the discrete action
            space of the environment is to be converted to a continuous one.
            This does nothing if the environment's action space is not
            discrete.
        clip_actions: Whether or not the actions should be explicitly clipped
            so that they stay within the declared action boundaries.
        kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these
            are passed to the environment.
    Returns:
        The gym environments, wrapped by a TorchWrapper.
    """

    def make_the_env():
        return gym.make(env_name, **kwargs)

    env_fns = [make_the_env for _ in range(num_envs)]
    vec_env = TorchWrapper(
        SyncVectorEnv(env_fns),
        force_classic_api=force_classic_api,
        discrete_to_continuous_act=discrete_to_continuous_act,
        clip_actions=clip_actions,
    )

    return vec_env

make_vector_env(env_name, *, force_classic_api=False, num_envs=None, discrete_to_continuous_act=False, clip_actions=False, **kwargs)

Make a new vectorized environment and wrap it via TorchWrapper.

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
env_name str

Name of the gym environment, as string. If the string starts with "gym::" (e.g. "gym::Humanoid-v4", etc.), then it is assumed that the target environment is a classical gym environment which will first be wrapped via a SyncVectorEnv and then via a TorchWrapper. If the string starts with "brax::" (e.g. "brax::humanoid", etc.), then it is assumed that the target environment is a brax environment which will be wrapped via TorchWrapper. If the string does not contain "::" at all (e.g. "Humanoid-v4"), then it is assumed that the target environment is a classical gym environment. Therefore, "gym::Humanoid-v4" and "Humanoid-v4" are equivalent.

required
force_classic_api bool

Whether or not the classic gym API is to be used.

False
num_envs Optional[int]

Batch size for the vectorized environment.

None
discrete_to_continuous_act bool

Whether or not the the discrete action space of the environment is to be converted to a continuous one. This does nothing if the environment's action space is not discrete.

False
clip_actions bool

Whether or not the actions should be explicitly clipped so that they stay within the declared action boundaries.

False
kwargs

Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these are passed to the environment.

{}

Returns:

Type Description
TorchWrapper

The gym environments, wrapped by a TorchWrapper.

Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def make_vector_env(
    env_name: str,
    *,
    force_classic_api: bool = False,
    num_envs: Optional[int] = None,
    discrete_to_continuous_act: bool = False,
    clip_actions: bool = False,
    **kwargs,
) -> TorchWrapper:
    """
    Make a new vectorized environment and wrap it via TorchWrapper.

    Args:
        env_name: Name of the gym environment, as string.
            If the string starts with "gym::" (e.g. "gym::Humanoid-v4", etc.),
            then it is assumed that the target environment is a classical gym
            environment which will first be wrapped via a SyncVectorEnv and
            then via a TorchWrapper.
            If the string starts with "brax::" (e.g. "brax::humanoid", etc.),
            then it is assumed that the target environment is a brax
            environment which will be wrapped via TorchWrapper.
            If the string does not contain "::" at all (e.g. "Humanoid-v4"),
            then it is assumed that the target environment is a classical gym
            environment. Therefore, "gym::Humanoid-v4" and "Humanoid-v4"
            are equivalent.
        force_classic_api: Whether or not the classic gym API is to be used.
        num_envs: Batch size for the vectorized environment.
        discrete_to_continuous_act: Whether or not the the discrete action
            space of the environment is to be converted to a continuous one.
            This does nothing if the environment's action space is not
            discrete.
        clip_actions: Whether or not the actions should be explicitly clipped
            so that they stay within the declared action boundaries.
        kwargs: Expected in the form of additional keyword arguments, these
            are passed to the environment.
    Returns:
        The gym environments, wrapped by a TorchWrapper.
    """

    env_parts = str(env_name).split("::", maxsplit=1)

    if len(env_parts) == 0:
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid value for `env_name`: {repr(env_name)}")
    elif len(env_parts) == 1:
        fn = make_gym_env
    elif len(env_parts) == 2:
        env_name = env_parts[1]
        if env_parts[0] == "gym":
            fn = make_gym_env
        elif env_parts[0] == "brax":
            fn = make_brax_env
        else:
            invalid_value = env_parts[0] + "::"
            raise ValueError(
                f"The argument `env_name` starts with {repr(invalid_value)}, implying that the environment is stored"
                f" in a registry named {repr(env_parts[0])}."
                f" However, the registry {repr(env_parts[0])} is not recognized."
                f" Supported environment registries are: 'gym', 'brax'."
            )
    else:
        assert False, "Unexpected value received from len(env_parts)"

    return fn(
        env_name,
        force_classic_api=force_classic_api,
        num_envs=num_envs,
        discrete_to_continuous_act=discrete_to_continuous_act,
        clip_actions=clip_actions,
        **kwargs,
    )

reset_tensors(x, indices)

Reset the specified regions of the given tensor(s) as 0.

Note that the resetting is performed in-place, which means, the provided tensors are modified.

The regions are determined by the argument indices, which can be a sequence of booleans (in which case it is interpreted as a mask), or a sequence of integers (in which case it is interpreted as the list of indices).

For example, let us imagine that we have the following tensor:

import torch

x = torch.tensor(
    [
        [0, 1, 2, 3],
        [4, 5, 6, 7],
        [8, 9, 10, 11],
        [12, 13, 14, 15],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

If we wish to reset the rows with indices 0 and 2, we could use:

reset_tensors(x, [0, 2])

The new value of x would then be:

torch.tensor(
    [
        [0, 0, 0, 0],
        [4, 5, 6, 7],
        [0, 0, 0, 0],
        [12, 13, 14, 15],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

The first argument does not have to be a single tensor. Instead, it can be a container (i.e. a dictionary-like object or an iterable) that stores tensors. In this case, each tensor stored by the container will be subject to resetting. In more details, each tensor within the iterable(s) and each tensor within the value part of the dictionary-like object(s) will be reset.

As an example, let us assume that we have the following collection:

a = torch.tensor(
    [
        [0, 1],
        [2, 3],
        [4, 5],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

b = torch.tensor(
    [
        [0, 10, 20],
        [30, 40, 50],
        [60, 70, 80],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

c = torch.tensor(
    [
        [100],
        [200],
        [300],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

d = torch.tensor([-1, -2, -3], dtype=torch.float32)

my_tensors = [a, {"1": b, "2": (c, d)}]

To clear the regions with indices, e.g, (1, 2), we could do:

reset_tensors(my_tensors, [1, 2])

and the result would be:

>>> print(a)
torch.tensor(
    [
        [0, 1],
        [0, 0],
        [0, 0],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

>>> print(b)
torch.tensor(
    [
        [0, 10, 20],
        [0, 0, 0],
        [0, 0, 0],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

>>> print(c)
c = torch.tensor(
    [
        [100],
        [0],
        [0],
    ],
    dtype=torch.float32,
)

>>> print(d)
torch.tensor([-1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.float32)

Parameters:

Name Type Description Default
x Any

A tensor or a collection of tensors, whose values are subject to resetting.

required
indices Union[int, Iterable]

A sequence of integers or booleans, specifying which regions of the tensor(s) will be reset.

required
Source code in evotorch/neuroevolution/net/vecrl.py
def reset_tensors(x: Any, indices: MaskOrIndices):
    """
    Reset the specified regions of the given tensor(s) as 0.

    Note that the resetting is performed in-place, which means, the provided tensors are modified.

    The regions are determined by the argument `indices`, which can be a sequence of booleans (in which case it is
    interpreted as a mask), or a sequence of integers (in which case it is interpreted as the list of indices).

    For example, let us imagine that we have the following tensor:

    ```python
    import torch

    x = torch.tensor(
        [
            [0, 1, 2, 3],
            [4, 5, 6, 7],
            [8, 9, 10, 11],
            [12, 13, 14, 15],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )
    ```

    If we wish to reset the rows with indices 0 and 2, we could use:

    ```python
    reset_tensors(x, [0, 2])
    ```

    The new value of `x` would then be:

    ```
    torch.tensor(
        [
            [0, 0, 0, 0],
            [4, 5, 6, 7],
            [0, 0, 0, 0],
            [12, 13, 14, 15],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )
    ```

    The first argument does not have to be a single tensor.
    Instead, it can be a container (i.e. a dictionary-like object or an iterable) that stores tensors.
    In this case, each tensor stored by the container will be subject to resetting.
    In more details, each tensor within the iterable(s) and each tensor within the value part of the dictionary-like
    object(s) will be reset.

    As an example, let us assume that we have the following collection:

    ```python
    a = torch.tensor(
        [
            [0, 1],
            [2, 3],
            [4, 5],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )

    b = torch.tensor(
        [
            [0, 10, 20],
            [30, 40, 50],
            [60, 70, 80],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )

    c = torch.tensor(
        [
            [100],
            [200],
            [300],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )

    d = torch.tensor([-1, -2, -3], dtype=torch.float32)

    my_tensors = [a, {"1": b, "2": (c, d)}]
    ```

    To clear the regions with indices, e.g, (1, 2), we could do:

    ```python
    reset_tensors(my_tensors, [1, 2])
    ```

    and the result would be:

    ```
    >>> print(a)
    torch.tensor(
        [
            [0, 1],
            [0, 0],
            [0, 0],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )

    >>> print(b)
    torch.tensor(
        [
            [0, 10, 20],
            [0, 0, 0],
            [0, 0, 0],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )

    >>> print(c)
    c = torch.tensor(
        [
            [100],
            [0],
            [0],
        ],
        dtype=torch.float32,
    )

    >>> print(d)
    torch.tensor([-1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.float32)
    ```

    Args:
        x: A tensor or a collection of tensors, whose values are subject to resetting.
        indices: A sequence of integers or booleans, specifying which regions of the tensor(s) will be reset.
    """
    if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor):
        # If the first argument is a tensor, then we clear it according to the indices we received.
        x[indices] = 0
    elif isinstance(x, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
        # str, bytes, and bytearray are the types of `Iterable` that we do not wish to process.
        # Therefore, we explicitly add a condition for them here, and explicitly state that nothing should be done
        # when instances of them are encountered.
        pass
    elif isinstance(x, Mapping):
        # If the first argument is a Mapping (i.e. a dictionary-like object), then, for each value part of the
        # Mapping instance, we call this function itself.
        for key, value in x.items():
            reset_tensors(value, indices)
    elif isinstance(x, Iterable):
        # If the first argument is an Iterable (e.g. a list, a tuple, etc.), then, for each value contained by this
        # Iterable instance, we call this function itself.
        for value in x:
            reset_tensors(value, indices)